Full text of "Annual report - American School of Classical Studies at Athens"

See other formats

PROVIDENCE
PUBLIC LIBRARY

1 . Books may be kept 28 days.

2. Books over-due incur a fine of 2 cents

per day, and costs of recovery.

3. Books may be renewed once within

the 28 days, except the ''New

books" and Fiction.

4. Only 1 "New Book" may be taken at

one time.

5. Books lost or damaged must be paid

for by the holder of the card on
which they were issued.

6. Books may be reserved.

^wjfaolojgual Institute of %mtxxm.

FIRST, SECOND, AND THIRD ANNUAL REPORTS

OF THE

MANAGING COMMITTEE

OF THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS.

1881-84.

\_RE PRINTED.']

1 1

^4 |-

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE COMMITTEE

ON THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

To the Executive Committee of the Archceo logical Institute :

Gentlemen, — As Chairman of the Committee ap-
pointed at the Annual Meeting of the Institute on May
21, 1 88 1, to devise a plan for the creation at Athens of
an American School of Classical Literature, Art, and
Antiquities, and to carry the plan into immediate exe-
cution should it appear well to do so, I have the honor
to submit the following Report : —

The Committee held its first meeting at Cam-
bridge on June 22, 1881. At this meeting two plans
for the establishment of the School were discussed.
The one proposed to found it upon the basis of an
endowment of at least $100,000, to be collected by
subscription and invested before the School should be
opened ; the other to open it at once with a temporary
and less elaborate organization, under the auspices
of some of the leading American Colleges, the work
of accumulating a permanent fund continuing in the

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT A THENS.

mean time. The Committee adjourned without com-
ing to a decision.

In October Mr. Frederic J. de Peyster, of New York,
was added to the Committee. At a meeting held at
Boston on November 5, the Chairman reported that
gentlemen in authority in several Universities had
been consulted, and had signified the probable hearty
co-operation of the institutions with which they were
connected in the scheme of founding the School under
the auspices of American Colleges. The Committee
thereupon adopted the second of the two plans pro-
posed in June, and appointed a Sub-Committee to
prepare for publication a brief statement of the general
project of the Archaeological Institute for the creation
of a School of Classical Studies at Athens and of the
plan proposed to be put into effect, and to address a
letter to the Presidents of the Colleges which were to
be invited to co-operate in the foundation of the School.
These documents follow.

PROJECT FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AMERICAN
SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

The Archaeological Institute of America has had for some
time under discussion a project for the creation at Athens of
an American School of Classical Literature, Art, and Antiqui-
ties, upon the plan of the well-known French and German
Schools already established there. At the last Annual Meet-
ing of the Institute, a Committee was appointed to devise a
method for carrying this project into execution.

The permanent establishment of the School as an indepen-
dent institution, subject to the control of a Managing Com-

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT.

mittee chosen by the Archaeological Institute, would require
a fund of at least $100,000, to provide for the salary of the
Director, the rent and care of a house, the purchase of books,
and the various expenses which might be incurred in carrying
on the work of the School.

The building of the School should contain apartments for
the Director and his family, and suitable rooms for the meet-
ings, collections, and library. Eventually, when the resources
of the School warranted it, there might be in the building
rooms for its students.

The School would be in charge of a Director of recognized
ability and attainments, appointed for such time as the Man-
aging Committee might deem proper. It would be the duty
of the Director to superintend the work of the members, and
to send yearly to the Managing Committee a full Report of
the work accomplished by the School.

Every member would prepare, during each year of his mem-
bership, a thesis embodying original research upon some
subject within the province of the School. These theses,
if approved by the Director, would be sent by him to the
Managing Committee.

Upon the completion of his course of three years, each
member would receive from the Director and the Committee
a certificate setting forth those branches of study to which he
had devoted himself.

It is hoped that the Archaeological Institute may be able to
undertake the publication of a regular illustrated periodical,
similar in character to the Bulletin of the French School at
Athens, to contain the reports and theses of the School at
Athens and other contributions of merit, as well as archaeo-
logical news.

Such, in brief, is the project of the Committee of the Insti-
tute, for the permanent foundation of the American School at
Athens.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

But, that time may not be lost while the permanent fund is
accumulating, it has been thought desirable, if possible, to
open the School at once, with a temporary and less elaborate
organization, under the auspices of some of our leading Col-
leges. The cordial support of Harvard, Yale, Johns Hopkins,
Cornell, and Brown Universities is already assured to the plan ;
and every effort will be made to have the American School at
work in Greece next autumn.

Dec. 20, 1881.

John Williams White {Chairman).
E. W. Gurney.
Albert Harkness.
Thomas W. Ludlow.
Francis W. Palfrey.
Frederic J. de Peyster.

Cambridge, Dec. 20, 1881.

To the President of

Sir, — The undersigned, a Committee of the Archaeological
Institute of America on the establishment of an American
School of Classical Studies at Athens, desire to secure the

interest and support of in the establishment

and maintenance of the proposed School.

There is no need to set forth at length the benefit to Clas-
sical studies in this country which may be derived from an
American School of a similar character to the French and
German Schools at Athens. The accompanying paper con-
tains a statement of the design of the School.

In order to carry this project into execution, united action
on the part of our leading Universities and Colleges is re-
quired, and the Committee is desirous of learning from you

whether the of which you are the head, will take part

in the work.

So long as the School has no permanent fund for its sup-

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT.

port, it is proposed that the Director of the School be chosen
for a term of one or two years from among the Professors or
Teachers of Greek in the various Universities and Colleges
uniting in the scheme, and that a salary as Instructor be con-
tinued to him. by the University or College to whose Faculty
he may belong, during his term of residence in Athens.

It is desirable that each of the Institutions sharing in the
support of the School should undertake to offer to its students
one or more fellowships for a residence of not less than two
years at the School, to be obtained as the reward for dis-
tinguished proficiency in Classical studies during the under-
graduate course.

In the lack of a permanent fund, a certain sum, not more
than $2,500 annually, must be pledged for the necessary ex-
penses in Athens, for rent, wages, etc. Of this sum $250 a
year has been pledged already by gentlemen connected with
Harvard College, for a term of ten years, or for a shorter term
provided that a permanent fund be obtained meanwhile for
the support of the School ; and it is hoped that a similar sub-
scription may be obtained from the alumni or friends of each
College or University that shall join in carrying the project
into execution.

We have received assurance of the cordial co-operation in
the scheme of Harvard, Yale, Johns Hopkins, Cornel], and
Brown Universities.

May we have the satisfaction of receiving also that of

, on the general terms of this circular ? And

may we request the honor of an early reply to this com-
munication ?

John Williams White {Chairman),
E. W. Gurney.
Albert Harkness.
Thomas W. Ludlow.
Francis W. Palfrey.
Frederic J. de Peyster.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

These documents were sent to the Presidents of Har-
vard, Yale, Brown, Amherst, Cornell, Johns Hopkins,
College of the City of New York, Michigan University,
Columbia, University of Virginia, College of New
Jersey, and, subsequently, to those of Union, Trinity,
Wesleyan, and Dartmouth.

The answers received were in the main so favorable
that the Committee determined to open the School in
the autumn of 1882, and in February, 1882, invited
W. W. Goodwin, Eliot Professor of Greek Literature
at Harvard University, to become its Director for the
first year. In a letter received the middle of March,
Professor Goodwin accepted the Directorship. The
Corporation of Harvard University had previously
signified that in case of his acceptance they would
allow him during the year of his absence a salary of
$3,000. In March the following gentlemen accepted
membership on the Committee : Professor Henry
Drisler, of Columbia College ; Professor Basil L.
Gildersleeve, of Johns Hopkins University; Professor
Lewis R. Packard, of Yale College ; Professor William
M. Sloane, of the College of New Jersey. It was subse-
quently voted that the President of the Archaeological
Institute and the Director of the School should be
ex-officio members of the Committee, which therefore
now numbers twelve.

A meeting was held in New York on April 6, at
which Mr. Thomas W. Ludlow was appointed the
Secretary of the Committee, and Mr. Frederic J. de

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT.

Peyster the Treasurer of its funds. The Chairman
reported favorable answers to the circular and letter
sent out on Dec. 20, 1881, from Harvard, Yale, Brown,
Amherst, Johns Hopkins, College of the City of New
York, Columbia, College of New Jersey, and Wes-
leyan. The annual subscriptions of these Colleges
amount to $2,250. Most of them are made for ten
years ; the remainder for a shorter time, but with the
confident expectation that they will be continued
during the entire period. Trinity, much to the regret
of the Committee, was unable to co-operate. Five
Colleges have not yet made final answer.

The Treasurer was authorized to call in the subscrip-
tion of each College on the 1st of June of each year,
to meet the expenses of the School during the follow-
ing year. Semi-annual meetings of the Committee
were appointed to be held in New York on the third
Friday of November, in Boston on the third Friday of
May. The further deliberations of the Committee
are embodied in a circular, to be published immedi-
ately, which a Sub-Committee was requested to pre-
pare for the information of the public.

In conclusion, the Committee hope to obtain for
the School through the Institute the good offices of the
United States Government, in order that the Director
may have every facility afforded him in carrying on his
work, and would be glad to receive from members of
the Institute the suggestion of desirable undertakings in

IO AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

archaeological research to be attempted by members of
the School. The Committee do not propose to make
an immediate appeal for a permanent endowment.
The present plan closely unites Colleges whose inter-
ests are in some respects diverse in the furtherance of
an object, the promotion of which will be creditable
to American scholarship. Such union must in itself
be fraught with good results. When the School,
under the management of the Colleges, shall have
demonstrated its usefulness, the Committee confi-
dently believe that means for its establishment upon
a permanent basis will not be wanting.

JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE,

Chairman .

SECOND ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE COMMITTEE

ON THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE:

Gentlemen, — In the year that has passed since
the Committee had the honor to offer its first Report,
the plan of organization of the School of Classical
Studies there presented has been successfully carried
into execution. The School has been established in
Athens, and has passed through the critical period of
the first year of its existence with credit ; at home its
interests have been administered with care, and it has
been strengthened by the generous support of new
friends.

In addition to the nine Colleges already reported,
five others have accepted the invitation of the Com-
mittee to co-operate in the support of the School, —
Dartmouth, Cornell, Michigan University, the Uni-
versity of Virginia, and the University of California.
Four others to whom the invitation was sent have not

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

yet made final answer, — Union, Williams, Bowdoin,
and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The
supporting Colleges now number fourteen. Their sub-
scriptions amount to $3,500 annually, which will be
the income of the School during its second year.
These subscriptions were made in the majority of
instances, not from the funds of each College, but
through the generosity of its alumni and other friends.
Some of them are made for a shorter term than the
ten years during which the School is to be maintained
on its present plan, but with the hope on the part of
the gentlemen having them in charge that they will
be continued during the entire period. The earnest-
ness shown by the friends of Classical Studies in
obtaining support for the School, and the almost uni-
form success with which their efforts have been
attended, is an encouraging omen of its ultimate per-
manent endowment.

At its first semi-annual meeting, held in New
York on Nov. 17, 1882, the Committee unanimously
invited Lewis R. Packard, Hillhouse Professor of
Greek in Yale College, to become the Director of the
School during its second year; and the invitation
was accepted. The continuance of the direction of
the School with scholarship and vigor is thus hap-
pily assured. At this meeting Professor W. S. Tyler
of Amherst College, and Professor J. C. Van Ben-
schoten of Wesleyan University, were made members
of the Committee. Professors Packard and Gilder-

SECOND ANNUAL REPORT.

sleeve and Mr. Ludlow were appointed a sub-com-
mittee on the Publications of the School, to report at
the semi-annual meeting in May. The post-office
address of the Secretary of the Committee was an-
nounced to have been changed to Yonkers, N. Y.
The addresses of the Chairman and Treasurer remain
as heretofore.

The School was opened by the Director, Professor
W. W. Goodwin, at Athens, Oct. 2, 1882, in a roomy
and convenient house on the eO§os 'A/xaXia?. This
house is occupied by the Director and his family ; but
one large salon is devoted to the exclusive use of the
members of the School, as library and reading-room.
The house was taken empty, and has been furnished
by the Committee at an expense, approximately stated,
of $1,075. ^ proved to be impossible to find, as
was first intended, a suitable house already furnished.
The other expenditures of the Committee, — all the
items except the first being stated approximately, —
have been $1,000 to the Director for house-rent,
$1,225 f°r books, and $200 for incidentals. The to-
tal amount of the expenditure, $3,500, is therefore
in excess by $500 of the present year's income. The
Committee, however, felt justified in trenching upon
the income of the second year, since during that year
the receipts of the School would be larger, $3,500,
and the outlay for furniture inconsiderable. The
library now numbers about 400 volumes, exclusive of
sets of periodicals. Some of these the School owes to

14 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

the generosity of the Hon. Eugene Schuyler, Minister
of the United States to the Kingdom of Greece, who
has in many other ways also furthered its interests.
The School is likewise indebted to the American
Philological Association for the gift of a complete set
of its Transactions. In the opinion of the Director,
urgently expressed in many letters, the library should
be largely increased at once. It is hoped that this
may be done by contributions from friends of the
School, made independently of the annual subscrip-
tions. The Committee will be able from the funds at
its disposal to enlarge the library only slowly and
gradually. A new and considerable item of expense
in subsequent years will be the cost of its own Publi-
cations.

There have been seven regular members of the
School during the past year. Besides these, Dr.
Bevier of Baltimore has, according to the terms of the
circular issued in May, 1882, enjoyed its privileges
during the winter without being regularly enrolled.
The regular members of the School have been the
following : —

John M. Crow, A. B. (Waynesbury College), Ph. D. (Syracuse
University).

Harold North Fowler, A. B. (Harvard University, 1880).
Paul Shorey, A. B. (Harvard University, 1878), holder of the

Kirkland Fellowship in Harvard University.
J. R. S. Sterrett, University of Virginia, Ph. D. (Munich,

1880).

SECOND ANNUAL REPORT.

F. H. Taylor, Wesleyan University.

James R. Wheeler, A. B. (University of Vermont, 1880),
Graduate Student of Harvard University.

Frank E. Woodruff, A. B. (University of Vermont, 1875),
B. D. (Union Theological Seminary), holder of a Fellow-
ship in the Union Theological Seminary.

The majority of these gentlemen had already studied
abroad, some of them for a period of years, when they
became members of the School. All of them will
complete a full year's work except Mr. Woodruff, who
was called during the winter to a professorship in the
Andover Theological Seminary, and found it neces-
sary to leave Athens for Germany.

Each member has pursued some definite subject of
study, and will finally embody the results of his work
in a thesis, which may be published in the Bulletin
of the School. Dr. Sterrett, for example, is to edit
the inscriptions found at Assos by the explorers de-
spatched thither by the Institute ; Mr. Wheeler is
investigating the Theatre of Dionysus, after a new sur-
vey begun by Ziller and completed by Mr. Bacon of
the Assos Expedition ; Mr. Shorey has made studies
preparatory to an edition of Theocritus ; Mr. Fowler
will present a thesis upon the Erechtheum ; and Dr.
Crow, aided by Mr. Clarke, leader of the Assos Expe-
dition, with a careful survey, hopes to settle definitely
some of the vexed questions relating to the Pnyx.

Each Wednesday evening since November a meet-
ing has been held at the library of the School, at which

l6 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

a paper was presented by the Director or one of the
members, which was then discussed. Among the sub-
jects so discussed have been the Olympieum, the
Agora, the Battle of Salamis, and the Theseum. The
aim has been to investigate some important subject,
however well known, a thorough knowledge of which
is necessary to the archaeologist, and has been forcibly
stated by the Director. Under date of 3d December
he writes : " I advised the members not to try to write
papers on subjects never before discussed ; as it is just
this striving after the absolutely new which makes
most scientific meetings so uninteresting and unin-
telligible." These meetings have been attended by
other persons besides the members of the School,
chiefly Americans, who asked to be permitted to come.
Meetings have been held each week also, on Friday
evenings, for the study of ^Eschylus and Thucydides.
The Director speaks in the highest terms of the
industry and enthusiasm of the members.

On Saturdays, excursions have been made to places
of historic interest within easy reach of Athens. Longer
tours to the Peloponnesus and to Delphi were planned
for the last part of the year. In the rule published by
the Committee requiring members to prosecute their
studies for eight months of the year in Greece, the
Director has interpreted " Greece " to mean all places
in which Greek settlements were made and in which
Greek antiquity can be studied. Under this interpre-
tation Mr. Fowler went to Sicily to visit Syracuse, Agri-

SECOND ANNUAL REPORT.

gentum, etc., and Dr. Sterrett spent six weeks at As-
sos. During the summer Dr. Sterrett is, by special
invitation, to go to Asia Minor with Mr. W. M. Ram-
say, who is sent out under the auspices of the Society
for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.

As the result of steps taken by the Committee,
the Director received an official communication in
December from the Secretary of State at Washington,
enclosing one from the Hon. John Eaton, United
States Commissioner of Education, appointing him an
Agent of the Bureau of Education, and recommending
him to the kind consideration of foreign officials. But
apart from this, the Director has been received with
the greatest kindness by all with whom he has had to
do, from his Majesty the King of the Hellenes, and his
prime minister, to the ordinary citizen. The School
is already looked upon with favor as a permanent in-
stitution, creditable alike to Athens and to the United
States.

JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE,

Chairman.

THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE COMMITTEE

ON THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

To the Executive Committee of the Archceo logical Institute :

Gentlemen, — At a meeting held in New York on
April 6, 1882, the Committee in charge of the Ameri-
can School of Classical Studies at Athens, then num-
bering ten members, appointed a sub-committee of two
to draw up for publication a statement of the manner
in which the School had been organized, the object of
its establishment, and the regulations by which it was
to be controlled. This statement was based upon the
" Project for the Establishment of an American School
of Classical Studies at Athens " and the accompanying
letter, addressed to the Presidents of the Colleges which
were to be invited to co-operate in the foundation of
the School, which had been published in December,
1 88 1, (see First Report, pages 4-7,) with such changes
of detail as the Committee had subsequently made.
This statement has since been modified from time to
time by the action of the Committee. I have now the
honor to present it to you at the end of this Report in

THIRD ANNUAL REPORT.

codified form as the body of Regulations by which the
School is controlled. I have prefixed to this Report
at the same time the names of the Managing Commit-
tee of the School, of the Directors of the School, and
of the Colleges uniting in its support.

By vote of the Committee on November 16, 1883,
the Chairman was instructed to extend an invitation
to the University of Pennsylvania to unite with the
Colleges associated in support of the School. This
invitation was accepted. The co-operating Colleges
now number fifteen. Much to the regret of the Com-
mittee three Colleges to which the invitation had
been extended have signified during the present year
their inability to co-operate, — Williams College, Bow-
doin College, and the Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology.

By vote of the Committee on May 18, 1883, Pro-
fessor Martin L. D'Ooge of the University of Michigan
was made a member of the Managing Committee, and
Professor W. W. Goodwin of Harvard University, who
had previously been an ex officio member as Director
of the School, was made a permanent member. The
resignation of Professor E. W. Gurney of Harvard
University was received and reluctantly accepted at
the meeting on November 16, 1883. Professor Gur-
ney was one of the five members of the Committee as
first appointed by the Institute, and to him is largely
due the successful development of the plan on which
the School was organized.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

At this meeting the Committee unanimously invited
J. C. Van Benschoten, Professor of Greek in Wesleyan
University, to become the Director of the School dur-
ing its third year ; and the invitation was subsequently
accepted. The Committee congratulates itself on the
acceptance of Professor Van Benschoten, who from
previous residence in Greece, large topographical
knowledge of the country, and interest in archaeologi-
cal studies, is singularly well fitted to undertake the
direction of the School. The Committee further
changed the regulation by which the Director could
be elected only from the Professors of Greek in the
Colleges uniting in support of the School, and threw
the directorship open to Professors generally in the
co-operating Colleges. In accordance with a vote
passed at this meeting the Chairman and Secretary,
on January 10, 1884, sent a circular letter to the Pres-
ident and Faculty, and also to the Professor of Greek,
of each co-operating ' College, stating what opportuni-
ties for classical study the School affords; inviting
them to bring these opportunities, extended free of
charge for tuition, to the attention of their students;
and asking them to urge upon their Trustees the
advantages to be gained by the creation of travelling
scholarships to facilitate the attendance at the School
of graduates of moderate means. The attendance at
the School was larger during the first year than it has
been during the second. This was to be expected,
since opportunities for systematic study at Athens

THIRD ANNUAL REPORT.

under skilled direction were then offered for the first
time to American students, and immediately attracted
to the School pupils who have subsequently returned
to other parts of Europe and to America for the com-
pletion of their studies. There is good reason to be-
lieve that a number of competent students will be in
attendance at the School during the coming year.

The second year of the School was opened by the
Director, Professor Lewis R. Packard, at Athens, Oc-
tober 6, 1883, in the house on the eO§o? 'A/xaAia?
occupied by the Director during the first year. The
regular members of the School during its second year
have been the following : —

Walter Ray Bridgman, A. B. (Yale College, 1881),
holder of the Soldiers' Memorial Fellowship in Yale
College.

Alexander Martin Wilcox, A. B. (Yale College,
1877), Ph. D. (Yale College, 1880).

Professor Packard, having been disabled by serious
illness before reaching Athens, requested Dr. J. R. S.
Sterrett — who had been a member of the School in
1882-83, and who was then at Smyrna on the eve of
departing into the interior of Asia Minor in further
prosecution of his epigraphical researches — to return
to Athens and assist him in the work of the School.
Dr. Sterrett at once complied with the request, and
has remained at Athens until the present month.
Professor Packard writes in terms of praise of Dr.
Sterretts devotion to the interests of the students

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

during the time when he himself was too ill to direct
their work. In consideration of these facts the Com-
mittee, by unanimous vote, made a grant to Dr. Ster-
rett, in February, 1884, of five hundred dollars, "as
an expression of their gratitude for the services ren-
dered by him to the School, and of their interest in
and high appreciation of the results of his personal
studies." Dr. Sterrett proposes to spend the coming
summer in Asia Minor on an expedition through
some of the least well known regions of the land, in
company with Mr. W. M. Ramsay. The volume
of Papers of the School about to be published will
show conclusively the singular fitness of Dr. Sterrett
for the work to which he has devoted himself.

The Director's house was furnished by the Com-
mittee during the first year with the heavier and most
needful articles at an expense of $1175. Some addi-
tions have been made to the furniture during the
present year, but it is still true that the Director him-
self furnishes his house in part. The library of the
School has received large additions, so that when the
books now ordered shall have been received it will
number about eight hundred volumes (exclusive of
periodicals and pamphlets), illustrating the history,
geography, antiquities, and art of ancient Greece.
Works of this kind are expensive, and at the end of
the second year the books in the library obtained by
direct purchase will have cost $2500. Of this sum the
Committee voted from its funds $2000. The remain-

THIRD ANNUAL REPORT.

ing $500 was the gift of a friend of the School who
does not permit his name to be mentioned, made
through the Hon. Eugene Schuyler, Minister of the
United States at Athens, who in many other ways has
advanced the interests of the School. In addition to
the volumes obtained by direct purchase through the
authority of the Committee, others have been received
from individual friends who appreciated the importance
of the library to the members of the School and de-
sired its enlargement. And it is important that the
student should have easy command during the whole
of the day and evening in a comfortable room of the
books needed for the successful prosecution of the work
in which he is engaged. The economy of time and la-
bor and temper thus secured is great. It is earnestly to
be hoped that through the liberality of friends and such
yearly appropriations as the Committee shall be able
to make the School will soon come to possess a good
special consulting library. It is neither possible nor
desirable to add to the collection works of a miscel-
laneous character.

Six of the seven regular members of the School
during the first year named in my last Report com-
pleted the full year's study with results approved by
the Director, and will, in accordance with the regula-
tions, each receive a certificate stating the work ac-
complished by him and signed by the Director of the
School, the President of the Archaeological Institute,
and the other members of the Committee. The theses

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

presented by these gentlemen were upon the following
subjects : —

1. The Pnyx : by Dr. Crow (who had the benefit of a new
and careful survey of the so-called Pnyx at Athens, made by
Mr. Joseph T. Clarke).

2. The Erechtheum : by Mr. Fowler.

3. The Life, Poems, and Language of Theocritus, with spe-
cimens of a Commentary : by Mr. Shorey.

4. The Inscriptions discovered at Assos by the Expedition
of the Archaeological Institute of America : by Dr. Sterrett.

5. The Value of Modern Greek to the Classical Student :
by Mr. Taylor.

6. The Theatre of Dionysus at Athens : by Mr. Wheeler.

These theses, in conformity to the regulations, were
sent by the Director to me as Chairman of the Man-
aging Committee, and were by me submitted in each
case to a sub-committee of three for examination.
Those recommended for publication will appear in
the first and second volumes of the Papers of the
School.

The Report of the first Director, Professor W. W.
Goodwin, was presented to the Committee at its first
semiannual meeting for the year, held at New York on
November 16, 1883. This Report was approved, and
was subsequently printed as the first Bulletin of the
School, and has received wide circulation. At this
meeting the sub-committee on the Publications of the
School, which had been appointed a year previously
and had reported progress at the following semiannual

THIRD ANNUAL REPORT.

meeting in May, made a final report in print which
was adopted with some modifications. According to
the plan adopted, the Committee is to publish, in addi-
tion to Bulletins containing the reports of Directors,
a yearly volume of Papers of the School to be made
up from the work of the Director and students during
the previous year. This volume, as also the Bulletins,
is to conform in general style to the Papers of the
Archaeological Institute. The expense of these publi-
cations, to an amount not exceeding $1000 per annum,
is to be met from the funds of the School. Copies of
all publications are to be sent free to the libraries of
the co-operating Colleges and to such learned bodies as
the Committee may select, and are further to be placed
for sale at a proper discount with leading booksellers.
The proceeds of sales are to be appropriated toward
the cost of. publication. The first volume of Papers
will be edited by Professor Goodwin and Mr. Thomas
W. Ludlow, the Secretary of the Committee. The
material is now ready, and the volume will go to press
immediately. It is expected that the second volume
of Papers will follow within less than a year.

Your Committee, from the time of its appointment
by the Archaeological Institute at its annual meeting
in the year 1881, has kept in mind its original plan of
ultimately establishing the School upon the basis of a
permanent endowment. The present plan both for
the maintenance and for the direction of the School
is temporary. All obligations assumed by the co-

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT A THENS.

operating Colleges will cease at the end of ten years,
that is, with the close of the college year 1891-92.
Several of the Colleges, indeed, subscribe from year
to year, without a definite pledge of continuing their
contributions for the entire term ; and in the instance
of one of them the subscription is still provisional.
But the Committee, with the experience of two years
to guide it, is convinced that the adoption in 1881 of
the present plan of organization was wise. It may be
true that it would have been better if the School could
then have been opened with a more stable and elabo-
rate organization than the present, on a basis of sup-
port assured by a permanent endowment of $150,000.
But it is also true that it would probably have been
impossible to obtain a permanent endowment of this
amount before the importance of such a School to
the advance of classical studies in America had been
demonstrated. The plan adopted was practicable.
And while temporary in character and possessed of
features which would be open to objection if it were
to be permanent, it has much to commend it The
close union of fifteen Colleges in the promotion of a
common object is a spectacle unique in this country,
where the relations between the colleges are far too
slight, and it is a cheering indication of the future
successful development among us of classical studies
in fields heretofore little cultivated. These Colleges
have agreed each to contribute annually a sum for
the furtherance of the object for which the School

THIRD ANNUAL REPORT.

was founded, to send from their number each year to
Athens a Director to take charge of its work, and to
encourage young men of promise among their gradu-
ates to avail themselves of the opportunities it offers,
But the interest thus awakened by active participation
extends beyond the Colleges. For the yearly contribu-
tions are made, in the majority of instances, by gradu-
ates and friends of the contributing Colleges, who thus
become personally interested in the work and welfare
of the School. If the School demonstrates its useful-
ness, it will be this large body of friends, and those
whom they will address, who will not leave unheeded
an appeal for a permanent endowment.

One peculiar feature of the present temporary or-
ganization of the School which distinguishes it from the
German and French schools in Athens is the yearly
change of Director. That the Director should through
all the future history of the School continue to be a
Professor sent from one of the contributing Colleges
under an annual appointment is an arrangement which
would be as undesirable as it would be impossible.
The objections to this as a permanent plan have been
forcibly stated by the first Director in his report to
your Committee. But such an arrangement is not
contemplated. When established by a permanent en-
dowment, the School will be under the control of a
permanent Director, — a scholar who by continuous
residence at Athens will gradually accumulate that
body of local and special knowledge without which the

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

highest functions of the School cannot be maintained.
In the mean time the School has a special duty of great
importance, which its present organization enables it
to meet. It cannot hope immediately to accomplish
special work in archaeological investigation which will
put it on a level with the German and French schools.
They also had their time of growth. And an Ameri-
can school in particular should at the first not so
much aim at distinguished achievements as seek to
arouse in American Colleges a genuine interest in
classical archaeology in general. The lack of such
interest heretofore is conspicuous. Without such
interest an American School at Athens, however
well endowed, could not accomplish the best results.
That the presence in various Colleges of Professors
who shall have been resident a year at Athens under
favorable circumstances, in practical direction of the
School, will do much to increase this interest, must be
beyond dispute.

Your Committee, therefore, are hopeful of good
results of wide-spread influence from the present or-
ganization of the School. But nevertheless having
from the first seen the necessity of taking steps for
the accumulation of a permanent endowment, they
instructed their chairman, at their semiannual meeting
held in New York on November 16, 1883, to appoint
a provisional committee of three to report at their
next regular meeting a detailed scheme for securing
a permanent fund. This provisional committee, fur-

THIRD ANNUAL REPORT.

ther, is to nominate a permanent committee, represented
in the chief cities throughout the country, to carry out
the scheme and to appoint trustees, whose duty it
shall be to take charge of the funds as collected, to
invest them, and to hold them in trust for the purposes
of the School. I shall hope from time to time in the
future to report to you the successful execution of
this plan.

JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE,

Chairman.

I^jmologitd Institute of %mtxuu.

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

MANAGING COMMITTEE

OF THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS.

1884-85.

CAMBRIDGE:
JOHN WILSON AND SON.
SKmtorsttg Ipress.
1885.

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES
AT ATHENS.

1884-1885.

JUanagmg (JTommittee.

John Williams White {Chairman), Harvard University, Cambridge,
Mass.

Francis Brown, Union Theological Seminary, 1200 Park Ave., New
York, N. Y.

Martin L. D'Ooge, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Henry Drisler, Columbia College, 48 West 46th St., New York, N. Y.
Basil L. Gildersleeve, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
William W. Goodwin, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
William G. Hale, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
Albert Harkness, Brown University, Providence, R. I.
Thomas W. Ludlow (Secretary), Yonkers, N. Y.
Charles Eliot Norton (ex officio), Harvard University, Cambridge,
Mass.

Francis W. Palfrey, 255 Beacon St., Boston, Mass.

Frederic J. de Peyster (Treasurer), 7 East 42d St., New York, N. Y.

Thomas D. Seymour, Yale College, New Haven, Conn.

William M. Sloane, College of New Jersey, Princeton, N.J.

W. S. Tyler, Amherst College, Amherst, Mass.

J. C. Van Benschoten, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.

John H. Wheeler, University of Virginia, Va.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

jpirectorg.

William Watson Goodwin, Ph.D., LL.D., Eliot Professor of Greek
Literature in Harvard University. 1882-83.

Lewis R. Packard, Ph.D., Hillhouse Professor of Greek in Yale Col-
lege. 1883-84. '

James Cooke Van Benschoten, LL.D., Seney Professor of the Greek
Language and Literature in Wesleyan University. 1884-85.

(Cooperating (Eollegcg.

AMHERST COLLEGE. DARTMOUTH COLLEGE.

BROWN UNIVERSITY. HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY.

COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.

COLUMBIA COLLEGE. UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY.

YALE COLLEGE.

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE MANAGING COMMITTEE

OF THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

To the Council of the Archceological Institute of America :

Gentlemen, — It is my sad duty to announce to
you the death of Lewis R. Packard, Ph.D., Hillhouse
Professor of Greek in Yale College, the second Direc-
tor of the American School of Classical Studies at
Athens, and a member of its Managing Committee.
The last service which Professor Packard rendered
to the cause of learning was given to the School at
Athens. He died at New Haven, Conn., October
26, 1884, four months after he returned from Greece
at the expiration of the term of his directorship. The
Committee feel keenly the loss that classical studies
have sustained in the death at middle age of a man in
whom were united in happy adjustment such thorough-
ness of training, high scholarship, independence of
opinion, and ready and sympathetic appreciation ; and

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

they have made a record of their judgment of his
great learning, and of their sense of his complete de-
votion to the School, in their second Bulletin. This
has just been published, and contains, besides the usual
matter, the resolutions passed by the Committee on
the death of Professor Packard, a brief memoir of his
life, and such an account of the year of his directorship
as could be prepared from his letters to the Chairman
of the Committee and from other sources.

The reports of your Committee have heretofore been
made to the Executive Committee of the Archaeological
Institute, and have been presented by them to the In-
stitute in print, in connexion with their own reports,
at the annual meetings held on the third Saturday in
May, The present report, as was announced in the
last annual report of the Council, was unavoidably de-
layed. The second preliminary report for the last year
from the Director of the School to the Managing Com-
mittee, upon which the Committee relied, as is yearly
the case, for information, from unfortunate causes failed
to come to hand until the last of May. It was impos-
sible without this to give any trustworthy account that
should be complete of the work of the past year. This
is simply an aggravated form of the embarrassment
annually felt in making a report on the School for
any year before that year has come to a close. It is,
perhaps, advisable to take advantage of accident, and
make permanent the change of time at which the Com-
mittee's report shall be made to you. Owing to the

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT.

reorganization of the Institute in October, 1884, the
Council now holds its annual meeting on the second
Saturday of May, — a week earlier than the Insti-
tute has met heretofore. It would be difficult to
make an adequate report as early as this. The Man-
aging Committee holds two regular meetings in each
year, on the third Friday in November and on the
third Friday in May. The School year extends from
the first of October to the first of June, during which
time members are required to prosecute their studies
exclusively in Greek lands. But four months more are
necessary to complete a full year, twelve months being
the shortest term for which a certificate is given. The
Director commonly does not return, nor are the finan-
cial accounts closed, till the first of October. It is
very desirable that the report of the Committee to
the Council should present a complete general account
of the affairs of the School for the whole previous year.
If, therefore, the change meets with your approval, the
annual report will hereafter be presented to you sepa-
rately, in print, in the autumn. This will be followed in
January by the regular annual Bulletin of the School,
containing the full report of the work done at Athens
the previous year, made by the Director, and the report
of the more important business transacted at the two
semi-annual sessions of the Committee, made by its
Secretary.

Your Committee has the satisfaction of announcing
that the first volume of Papers of the School was

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

published in February, 1885, under the editorial super-
vision of Professor W. W. Goodwin, first Director of the
School, and Mr. Thomas W. Ludlow, Secretary of the
Committee. This volume, which is a handsome octavo
of 262 pages, conforming in general style to the papers
of the Archaeological Institute, and is fully illustrated,
represents the work done by the School in 1882-83.
It contains the following papers : —

1. Inscriptions of Assos, edited by J. R. S. Sterrett.

2. Inscriptions of Tralleis, edited by J. R. S. Sterrett.

3. The Theatre of Dionysus, by James R. Wheeler.

4. The Olympieion at Athens, by Louis Bevier.

5. The Erechtheion at Athens, by Harold N. Fowler.

6. The Battle of Salamis, by William W. Goodwin.

This volume of Papers has been sent to the libraries
of all the contributing Colleges, and to various learned
bodies in this country and in Europe, and has had be-
sides wide circulation. A second edition has been
called for. It has been received with lively interest,
and reflects honor upon the Institute. As an expo-
nent of solid and valuable work on special subjects,
performed by our students at Athens in connexion
with their general studies in art, architecture, topog-
raphy, inscriptions, language, and literature, the vol-
ume confirms and strengthens the conviction of the
usefulness of the School felt by its friends and sup-
porters when they founded it; and we trust it may
be one of the effective means by which the School
will gradually win the confidence and support of those

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT.

who are able to put it upon a secure and permanent
footing.

The regulations of the School provide that a vol-
ume of Papers similar to this shall be published annu-
ally, to be made up from the work of the Director and
the students during the previous year. This regula-
tion, however, falls into temporary abeyance. At its
meeting held May 15, 1885, the Committee voted that,
on account of the confusion and delay resulting from
the second Director's illness, the papers of his year
should be combined with those of the third year, and
that these should together form the second volume
of Papers of the School. This volume will include
Dr. Sterrett's Preliminary Report of his journey in
Asia Minor in the summer of 1884, with his collec-
tion of inscriptions (including those of forty-two Ro-
man mile-stones), which has already been published in
separate form ; and probably Professor Crow's paper
on the Pnyx at Athens, which belongs to the work
of the first year of the School. The material for
this second volume of Papers is now fairly ready, and
its publication in the course of the next year may
be confidently predicted. The publications of the
Committee now comprise the first volume of Papers,
Dr. Sterrett's Preliminary Report, four Reports, and
two Bulletins. For the convenience of the Council a
formal list of these is added at the end of this report.

It is, perhaps, not inappropriate at this point to
speak of the distinguished work of exploration accom-

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS,

plished by one of the first members of the School, Dr.
J. R. S. Sterrett. Dr. Sterrett, who had previously
studied at. the University of Virginia and in Germany,
receiving the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the
University of Munich in 1880, left the United States
in the autumn of 1882, and became a member of
the School at Athens. In April of the next year he
went to Assos, to study the inscriptions collected in
1881-82 by the expedition sent out by the Archae-
ological Institute. These he edited, and they were
subsequently published, as before stated, in the first
volume of Papers. During the following summer he
accompanied Mr. W. M. Ramsay, now Professor of
Archaeology at the University of Oxford, into Asia
Minor. Professor Ramsay was then prosecuting re-
searches by means of the Asia Minor Exploration
Fund, which had been subscribed in England under
the auspices of the Society for the Promotion of Hel-
lenic Studies. One of the results of this expedition
was the collection of inscriptions of Tralles, which
were copied by these gentlemen with much difficulty
and no little personal danger. These inscriptions
were first published by Dr. Sterrett in the Mittheilun-
gen of the German Archaeological Institute at Athens,
and later, with important changes, in the Papers of the
American School. Dr. Sterrett was at Smyrna in the
following September, on the point of again departing
into the interior in prosecution of his epigraphical re-
searches, when he was recalled to Athens by Professor

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Packard. His immediate and generous response, and
his connexion with the School during the following
year, are fully related in the second Bulletin. Dr.
Sterrett devoted the summer of 1884 in like manner
to researches in Asia Minor. The results of this tour
are given in the Preliminary Report above mentioned,
which was published by the Committee in January of
the present year.

Dr. Sterrett had stated to me that he was without
private means for making further archaeological ex-
plorations. Your Committee were loath that a man
who had attached himself to the School at the begin-
ning, who had devoted himself so generously to its
interests, who had manifested such patience, courage,
and skill in the exploration of fields rich in prom-
ise but full of danger to the explorer, should be
recalled from the chosen scene of his devoted and
successful labors by such considerations ; and they
unanimously voted, at the meeting held May 16, 1884,
to appoint Dr. Sterrett the assistant of the Director
for 1884-85, with the title of Secretary of the School,
on a salary of $500. This was the largest sum at
the command of the Committee ; but it was thought
that it would enable him to live with economy at
Athens during the eight months of the School year,
and that during this time he would be able to prepare
for publication a final statement of the results of his
previous summers work. The Committee then enter-
tained the hope, which was afterwards realized, that

I 2

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

means could be provided for sending him again into
Asia Minor in the summer of 1885.

Dr. Sterrett was prevented from undertaking the
secretaryship of the School by his acceptance of an
invitation extended to him by Dr. W. H. Ward, of
New York City, who proposed that he should join
him and Mr. Haynes as a member of the Wolfe ex-
pedition into Babylonia sent out under the auspices of
the Archaeological Institute. Dr. Sterrett left Athens
in October, and proceeded as far as Bagdad, which was
reached January 1, 1885. Here his health unfortu-
nately broke down, and he was obliged to leave the
party. His illness was lingering and severe, but he
eventually recovered his health. Though unable to
take full part in the expedition, his journey, as he him-
self wrote, was not without educational results of great
value to him. The Committee was enabled, by the
liberality of Miss Catharine L. Wolfe, of New York
City, to send him in February, 1885, the sum of $1,000,
with which to carry on his researches in Asia Minor
the following summer. Miss Wolfe's generous gift was
not misbestowed. The results of Dr. Sterrett's jour-
ney, which was properly confined within narrow limits,
are of extraordinary interest. He copied six hundred
and eleven inscriptions, almost all of them new, al-
though many of them may not be of great intrinsic
value. His geographical work was of substantial and
enduring character. He gathered material from which
he will be able to construct the map of large districts

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT.

hitherto imperfectly known. He discovered the sites
of a number of ancient towns, some of which can be
named from direct epigraphic evidence, some from
general considerations. Among these are Lystra of
the New Testament, and the second Isaura. But Dr.
Sterrett must not be anticipated and robbed of the sat-
isfaction of making his own statement of the brilliant
results of his summer's expedition. It is sufficient to
add that a European archaeologist of signal attain-
ments and distinguished reputation has expressed di-
rectly to the Chairman of your Committee the opinion
that the magnificent collection of inscriptions which
Dr. Sterrett now has will make a publication of the
very first importance ; that it will be the third great
event in Anatolian epigraphy, — the first two being
the Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum and the Lebas-
Waddington collection.

To prepare properly the results of this noteworthy
journey for publication will be a work of difficulty. It
will require time, free access to libraries, and frequent
consultation with living authorities, and can hardly be
done elsewhere than in Europe. It is of absolute and
unquestionable importance to the Institute that the
account shall be written under circumstances that will
ensure strict accuracy, and Dr. Sterrett should re-
ceive generous support. The Committee will not be
able to devote funds to this purpose from its own
resources, and must look to the friends of the School
for help.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

The third year of the School was opened by the
Director, Professor J. C. Van Benschoten, at Athens,
October i, 1884, in the house occupied during the
two previous years. But one regular member has been
present during the third year ; namely,

Thomas Hooper Eckfeldt, A. B. (Wesleyan University,
1882).

Mr. Eckfeldt will present a thesis on the Temple of
Asklepios at Epidaurus.

The Committee had admitted one other member by
special vote at its meeting held May 16, 1884, and in-
quiries had come from other persons, who stated their
expectation of becoming members of the School dur-
ing 1884-85. The reason why these students did not
appear and enter upon their work was undoubtedly
the prevalence of Asiatic cholera in the Mediterra-
nean basin. The alarm in Southern Europe on
account of the cholera in the autumn of 1884 was
phenomenal, amounting almost to a panic. Athens,
however, remained free from the scourge, and was gen-
erally healthful. A number of young men, all grad-
uates of American colleges, accepted the hospitality
of the School for a longer or shorter time in the
course of the winter, receiving the assistance and
advice of the Director and making free use of the
library. Two gentlemen, Mr. Eckfeldt and Profes-
sor Thomas W. Kelsey, of Lake Forest University,
accompanied Professor Van Benschoten in his tour

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT.

through Peloponnesus in April, 1885, and afterwards
went with him to Asia Minor.

Aside from such special causes as the one just
mentioned, there are two important reasons why large
numbers of students have not already availed them-
selves of the singular advantages offered by the
School. First, its existence is not sufficiently well
known throughout the country. It was not, perhaps,
reasonable to expect that the fact of the foundation of
such a school could be communicated at once to all
persons interested, or that these persons, when their
attention had been called to it and its plan of organ-
ization had been made known to them, could make
their arrangements immediately to avail themselves of
its privileges. The Committee has not failed to realize
the need of making the existence of the School known.
As stated in its last report (page 7), it first addressed
itself on this subject to the Faculties and Professors of
Greek in the co-operating colleges, in January, 1884.
Again, in January, 1885, the Secretary, by instruction
of the Committee, sent to the proper officers of the
colleges of the country generally a circular of nine
pages, giving a satisfactory account of the organization
of the School and its object, with a request that they
would insert in their catalogues some notice of the
opportunities which it offered, and would bring these
opportunities to the attention of their students. A
second reason why attendance has been small is that
students at the American School are obliged to pay

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS,

their own charges ; no scholarships have as yet been
founded, either by the Committee or the Institute, or
by the beneficence of individuals, on the income of
which students could be sent to Greece. In this re-
gard the American School is greatly at a disadvantage
as compared with the French and German Schools in
Athens. In both of these, students are supported at
the expense of their governments. Six scholarships,
of the value of $800 each, placed at the disposal of the
Committee, to be assigned by a rigorous competitive
examination on a course of study duly announced be-
forehand, would in course of time have a telling effect
for good upon the classical scholarship of the country.
There must be in the United States a large number of
persons of ability who are already teachers of Greek, or
propose to become such, who realize the importance
of a year's study at Athens under competent guid-
ance. Many of these are absolutely debarred from
going abroad by lack of means ; others of them will go
sooner or later, at whatever cost or hardship. It would
be a great mistake to conclude that, because the School
has not been crowded, it has no function. Deterring
causes must be taken into account, and time for growth
must be patiently granted it. In the mean time, the
fact should be published as widely as possible that it
is open to all persons, both men and women, who are
properly qualified to avail themselves of its advantages.
In view of the difficulties named, it is with especial
satisfaction that I am able to announce with certainty

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT. 17

that there will be at least five students in attendance
at the school during its fourth year.

The reception extended to Professor Van Benscho-
ten at Athens was of the most friendly character. In
his second preliminary report to the Committee he
dwells upon the exceeding kindness of the King and
the Greek people. The learned societies sent their
welcome, and emphasized it in substantial form by
copies of their publications. The two elder Archae-
ological Schools vied with one another in cordial
helpfulness toward the American School. And the
representatives of the British School were no less
hearty and friendly. The disposition of the Greek
Government toward the School is shown in its gen-
erous offer to confer upon it the full right and title
to a site for a building.

The library grows steadily, and increases in use-
fulness. The Committee devoted last year the sum
of $647.32 to the purchase of books. The liberal-
ity of individuals also is constantly increasing the
collection.

I regret to announce the withdrawal of two of the
supporting colleges, — the University of California and
the University of Pennsylvania. The first contrib-
uted to the support of the School during its first two
years, the second during the third year only. The
withdrawal of the first leaves the School without a
representative on the Pacific coast. The Committee
regrets the loss of the active support of these two

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

great universities, but is glad still to have the assur-
ance of their friendly interest. The contributing
colleges now number thirteen. By vote of May 15,
1885, the Chairman was instructed to extend the in-
vitation of the Committee to six other colleges ;
namely, Boston University, Kenyon College, Lafayette
College, Rochester University, Tufts College, and the
University of Vermont.

By vote of the Committee November 21, 1884,
Professor Thomas D. Seymour, of Yale College, and
Professor John H. Wheeler, of the University of Vir-
ginia, were made members of the Managing Commit-
tee. By vote of May 15, 1885, Professor Francis
Brown, of the Union Theological Seminary, and Pro-
fessor William G. Hale, of Cornell University, were
also added to its number. Each of the contributing
colleges is now represented on the Committee by at
least one member.

At the last meeting the Committee unanimously in-
vited Frederic De Forest Allen, Professor of Classical
Philology in Harvard University, to become the Direc-
tor of the School during its fourth year ; and the in-
vitation was accepted. Professor Allen brings to the
service of the School critical scholarship of the high-
est character and great learning. The Committee
had previously, on November 21, 1884, unanimously
invited Martin L. D'Ooge, Professor of Greek in
the University of Michigan, to become the Director
of the School during its fifth year. This invitation

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Professor D'Ooge accepts. For the convenience of the
Council, lists of the present members of the Managing
Committee, of the Directors, and of the co-operating
Colleges, precede this report.

At its meeting held November 21, 18S4, the Com-
mittee modified two of the Regulations. In the fifth
regulation the words " from the Professors of the
Colleges uniting in the support of the School " were
stricken out. In the eleventh regulation the words
" but who come properly recommended as earnest stu-
dents " were stricken out, and the words "will receive "
were changed to "may apply for." At this meeting
the Committee also voted that the regulations govern-
ing the publications of the School, as adopted and
amended, should be added to the general Regulations.
These Regulations, in full, will be found at the end of
this report.

The School has occupied up to the present time
the upper part of the roomy and in many ways con-
venient house on the fOSo? 'AfiaXlas in Athens, of which
it took possession in October, 1882. This is the resi-
dence of the Director and his family; but one large
room is devoted to the exclusive use of the mem-
bers of the School, as a library and reading-room.
The rent is now 4,400 francs a year. The owner,
Dr. Makkas, receives other rents from the house to
the amount of 2,800 francs. He values the property
at 130,000 francs. House-rent at Athens is high
relatively to the cost of building.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Your Committee has frequently discussed the plan of
providing for the School permanent and appropriate
quarters of its own. It is probable that its present
house cannot be rented again for less than 5,000 francs.
A change of quarters inevitably involves expense, and
the risk of injury to the library and other property.
A suitable building of its own would give the School
dignity, and above all would be a visible and encourag-
ing token of the permanence which the School will
have when securely based upon an adequate endow-
ment ; and it would be likely to produce contributions
to that end. The provisional committee on endow-
ment, appointed November 16, 1883, have twice re-
ported that they did not think it wise to proceed as
yet to carry into effect the plan detailed in your Com-
mittee's last report (pages 15, 16). But it has seemed
possible to the Committee to develop so much of the
plan of endowment as concerns a house. The good
example of the British School has doubtless stimulated
our own interest.

The first decisive steps toward the establishment
of a British School at Athens were taken June 25,
1883. At a meeting then held at Marlborough House,
under the presidency of the Prince of Wales, in
which about thirty of the best known statesmen and
scholars in England took part, it was resolved that it
was desirable to found a British School of Archaeo-
logical and Classical Studies at Athens, and other
resolutions were passed defining the object of the

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT.

School and the duties of the Director, stating the
conditions of membership in it, proposing the occupa-
tion of a house at Athens, moving a subscription for
the general purpose, and constituting a committee to
take the matter in charge. This general committee
subsequently appointed an executive committee, which
has since held frequent sittings. In the autumn of
1882 the Greek Government had offered, through the
British Foreign Office, to give a piece of ground at
Athens for the proposed School ; and this offer was, in
due course, accepted by the Committee. The site of
the School is in the immediate vicinity of Athens, on
the southern slope of Mt. Lycabettus. It has an ex-
tent of somewhat less than two acres, and is valued at
about ,£2,700. The final contract by which the ground
was formally conveyed to the Trustees of the Com-
mittee for the School was not signed until November 3,
1884. The funds subscribed or promised, in answer to
the appeals of the Committee, now amount to over
,£4,000. With these funds the Executive Committee
are building a house at a cost of ,£3,000, and propose
to provide a library of reference. The house was
begun last spring, and will be ready for occupation in
January. The plans were drawn by Mr. C. F. Penrose.
It is a two-storied building, with six bedrooms and two
other rooms for the use of the Director, and also a large
room, 40 ft. by 20, for the library. It is so planned
that it will be possible to add a lateral extension sub-
sequently. Thus have the authorities of the British

2 2

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

School, — while they have no funds in hand from the
income of which they can pay the salary of a Direc-
tor, when, indeed, they have as yet neither Director nor
students, — with a courage which is not rashness,
actually founded their School !

At its meeting held May 16, 1884, your Committee
discussed at length the question of a permanent home
at Athens for the American School. The result of
the discussion was the request that Professor Van
Benschoten, the next Director, should consider at
Athens the question of the permanent establishment
of the School, in all its bearings, and report to the
Committee before its meeting in November. Arriving
at Athens in September, Professor Van Benschoten
with great promptness proceeded to discharge the
request made of him. He inspected the site of the
British School and other sites, advised with the United
States Minister, the Hon. Eugene Schuyler, from
whom he received important assistance, and finally
had a conference with Mr. Tricoupes, the Prime Min-
ister of Greece. Mr. Tricoupes with great kindness
promptly stated that his Government would confer
upon the American School the site proper for a build-
ing, and suggested that it should be near the plot which
was about to be bestowed upon the British School.
Your Committee, at its meeting held November 21,
1884, requested Professor Van Benschoten to convey
to the Prime Minister the grateful acknowledgments of
the Committee for his promise of a plot of ground for a

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT.

building for the School ; to inform him that the Com-
mittee had at present no means for building, but that
it hoped at some future time it might be enabled to
erect a suitable building ; and to inquire of him if the
delay would cause him to withdraw the offer made on
the part of his Administration. The Director replied
that his Excellency readily consented to hold the plot
of ground that had been promised, the situation of
which was to be subsequently determined, until the
School should find itself able to occupy it. Mr. Tri-
coupes afterwards called upon the Director at the
School, evidently for the express purpose of consider-
ing the question of situation, and suggested, in case
the site on Mt. Lycabettus was not satisfactory, among
others, one near the Stadium on the east bank of the
Ilissus.

This generous offer of the Greek Government to
confer upon the American School a site of the value
of $13,500 (taking the land of the British School as
the basis of estimate) naturally awakened enthusiasm
among the friends of the School at home. Without
direct action of your Committee, mainly through the
instrumentality of the first Director, the sum of $4,000
was almost at once subscribed for a building. It
is probable that the Committee, at its meeting to be
held November 20, 1885, will authorize and organize
a special effort to secure at once the remainder of
the sum of $20,000 required for building. If this
is successful, the building can be made ready for

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

occupation within eighteen months from this date.
The American School is now in its fourth year. It
was organized upon a plan as unique as it was wise ;
it has collected a good library; it has done excellent
work; finally, it has been offered a site for building
whose value almost equals the cost of the building itself.
It will be to our enduring shame if we do not at once
respond to the generous offer of the Greek Govern-
ment, and provide for our School a permanent and
fitting home at Athens.

JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE,

Chairman.

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS.

The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, projected by
the Archaeological Institute of America, and organized under the
immediate auspices of some of the leading American colleges, was
opened on October 2, 1882. It occupies a house on the cOS6? 'A/xa-
A.ta?, in a convenient and healthy quarter of Athens. A large room
is set apart for the use of the students, is lighted in the evening, and
is warmed in cold weather. In it is kept the library of the School,
which includes a complete set of the Greek classics, and the most
necessary books of reference for philological, archaeological, and
architectural study in Greece. The library contains at the present
time about 1,500 volumes, exclusive of sets of periodicals.

The advantages of the School are offered free of expense for tuition
to graduates of colleges co-operating in its support, and to other
American students deemed by the Committee of sufficient promise to
warrant the extension to them of the privilege of membership.

The School is unable to provide its students with board or lodging,
or with any allowance for other expenses. It is hoped that the Ar-
chaeological Institute may in time be supplied with the means of
establishing scholarships. In the mean time, students must rely upon
their own resources, or upon scholarships which may be granted them
by the colleges to which they belong. The amount needed for the
expenses of an eight months' residence in Athens differs little from
that required in other European capitals, and depends chiefly on the
economy of the individual.

A peculiar feature of the present temporary organization of the
School, which distinguishes it from the older German and French
schools at Athens, is the yearly change of Director. That the Director
should, through all the future history of the School, continue to be

26 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

sent out under an annual appointment is an arrangement which would
be as undesirable as it would be impossible. But such an arrange-
ment is not contemplated. When established by a permanent endow-
ment, the School will be under the control of a permanent director,
a scholar who by continuous residence at Athens will accumulate that
body of local and special knowledge without which the highest func-
tions of such a school cannot be obtained. In the mean time the
School is enabled by its present organization to meet a want of great
importance. It cannot hope immediately to accomplish such original
work in archaeological investigation as will put it on a level with the
German and French schools. These draw their students from bodies
of picked men, specially trained for the place. The American
School seeks at the first rather to arouse in American colleges a
lively interest in classical archaeology, than to accomplish distin-
guished achievements. The lack of this interest heretofore is con-
spicuous. Without it, the School at Athens, however well endowed,
cannot accomplish the best results. It is beyond dispute that the
presence in various colleges of professors who have been resident
a year at Athens under favorable circumstances, as directors or as
students of the School, will do much to increase American appreciation
of antiquity.

The address of Professor J. W. White, Chairman of the Commit-
tee, is Cambridge, Mass. ; of Mr. T. W. Ludlow, Secretary, Yonkers,
N. Y. ; of Mr. F. J. de Peyster, Treasurer, 7 East 42d Street, New
York.

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT.

REGULATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF
CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

I. The object of the American School of Classical Studies is to
furnish, without charge for tuition, to graduates of American Colleges
and to other qualified students, an opportunity to study Classical
Literature, Art, and Antiquities in Athens, under suitable guidance ;
to prosecute and to aid original research in these subjects ; and to
co-operate with the Archaeological Institute of America, so far as it
may be able, in conducting the exploration and excavation of Classic
sites.

II. The School is in charge of a Managing Committee, and under
the superintendence of a Director. The Director of the School and
the President of the Archaeological Institute are ex officio members
of the Managing Committee. This Committee, which was originally
appointed by the Archaeological Institute, has power to add to its
membership, to administer the finances of the School, and to make
such regulations for its government as it may deem proper.

III. The Managing Committee meets semi-annually, in New York
on the third Friday in November, and in Boston on the third Friday in
May. Special meetings may be called at any time by the Chairman.

IV. The Chairman of the Committee is the official representative
of the interests of the School in America. He presents a Report
annually to the Archaeological Institute concerning the affairs of the
School.

V. The Director is chosen by the Committee for a period of one
or two years. The Committee provides him with a house in Athens,
containing apartments for himself and his family, and suitable rooms
for the meetings of the members of the School, its collections, and its
library.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

School at stated times for consultation and discussion. He makes a
full report annually to the Managing Committee of the work accom-
plished by the School.

VII. The school year extends from the ist of October to the ist
of June. Members are required to prosecute their studies during the
whole of this time in Greek lands under the supervision of the Direc-
tor. The studies of the remaining four months necessary to complete
a full year (the shortest term for which a certificate is given) may be
carried on in Greece or elsewhere, as the student prefers.

VIII. Bachelors of Arts of co-operating Colleges, and all Bachelors
of Arts who have studied at one of these Colleges as candidates for a
higher degree, are admitted to membership in the School on present-
ing to the Committee a certificate from the instructors in Classics of
the College at which they have last studied, stating that they are com-
petent to pursue an independent course of study at Athens under the
advice of the Director. All other persons desiring to become members
of the School must make application to the Committee. The Com-
mittee reserves the right to modify these conditions of membership.

IX. Each member of the School must pursue some definite subject
of study or research in Classical Literature, Art, or Antiquities, and
must present at least one thesis, embodying the results of some impor-
tant part of his year's work. These theses, if approved by the Direc-
tor, are sent to the Managing Committee, by which each thesis is
referred to a sub-committee of three members, of whom two are
appointed by the Chairman, and the third is always the Director
under whose supervision the thesis was prepared. If recommended
for publication by this sub-committee, the thesis may be issued in the
papers of the School.

X. When any member of the School has completed one or more
full years of study, the results of which have been approved by the
Director, he receives a certificate stating the work accomplished by
him, signed by the Director of the School, the President of the
Archaeological Institute, and the other members of the Managing
Committee.

XI. American students resident or travelling in Greece who are
not members of the School may apply for the assistance and advice
of the Director in the prosecution of their studies, and will be allowed
at his discretion to use the library belonging to the School.

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT.

REGULATIONS CONCERNING THE PUBLICATIONS OF
THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES
AT ATHENS.

1. There shall be published annually, after the meeting of the
Managing Committee in November, a Bulletin which shall contain
the reports for the previous year of the Director of the School and of
the Secretary of the Committee, with any other matter relating to the
School not included in those reports.

2. There shall be published also annually a volume of Papers of
the School, to be made up from the work of the Director and the
students during the preceding school year. This volume shall be
conformed in general style to the Papers of the Archaeological
Institute.

3. The publications of the School shall be in charge of a perma-
nent editor, to be elected by the Managing Committee, and shall be
edited by him with the assistance of the Director under whom the
papers have been written, and of the Secretary of the Committee.

4. The expense of the publications shall be met from the funds of
the School to an amount not exceeding $1,000 per annum.

5. The publications shall be issued to the public at a price to be
fixed by the Publication Committee. They shall be sent free to the
libraries of the co-operating Colleges, and to such learned bodies as
the Committee may select. They may be exchanged, for the benefit
of the School, with other like publications.

6. Copies of the publications may also be placed with leading
booksellers for sale at a proper discount.

7. The proceeds of subscriptions and sales shall be appropriated
toward the costs of publication.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE SCHOOL,

The following is a list of the publications of the American School
of Classical Studies at Athens. The Annual Reports of the Committee
may be had gratis by application to the Secretary. The other publica-
tions are for sale by Messrs. Cupples, Upham, & Co., 283 Washington
Street, Boston, Mass.

First Annual Report of the Committee. 1881-82. pp.13.
Second Annual Report of the Committee. 1882-83. pp. 15.
Third Annual Report of the Committee. 1883-84. pp. 20.
Fourth Annual Report of the Committee. 1884-85. pp. 30.

Bulletin I. Report of William W. Goodwin, Director of the School
in 1882-83. pp. 33. Price 25 cents.

Bulletin II. Memoir of Lewis R. Packard, Director of the School
in 1883-84, with Resolutions of the Committee and a Report for
1883-84. pp. 34. Price 25 cents.

PAPERS OF THE SCHOOL.

Volume I. 1882-83. Edited by William W. Goodwin and Thomas
W. Ludlow. 8vo. Flexible covers, pp. viii and 262. Illustrated.
Price $2.00. Containing,

1. Inscriptions of Assos, edited by J. R. S. Sterrett.

2. Inscriptions of Tralleis, edited by J. R. S. Sterrett.

3. The Theatre of Dionysus, by James R. Wheeler.

4. The Olympieion at Athens, by Louis Bevier.

5. The Erechtheion at Athens, by Harold N. Fowler.

6. The Battle of Salamis, by William W. Goodwin.

Also,

Preliminary Report of an Archaeological Journey made in Asia Minor
during the Summer of 1884. By J. R. S. Sterrett. pp. 45. Price
25 cents.

^rtjmotogttal Institute of %\mxim.

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS

OF THE

MANAGING COMMITTEE

OF THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS.

1885-87.

CAMBRIDGE:
JOHN WILSON AND SON.
©nfotrsitg press.
1887.

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES
AT ATHENS.

Portaging (JTomnrittee.

1885-86.

John Williams White {Chairman), Harvard University, Cambridge,
Mass.

Frederic D. Allen (ex officio), Harvard University, Athens, Greece.
Francis Brown, Union Theological Seminary, 1200 Park Ave., New
York, N. Y.

Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
William G. Hale, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
Albert Harkness, Brown University, Providence, R. I.
Thomas W. Ludlow (Secretary), Yonkers, N. Y.

Augustus C. Merriam, Columbia College, 124 East 55th St., New
York, N. Y.

Charles Eliot Norton (ex officio), Harvard University, Cambridge,
Mass.

Francis W. Palfrey, 255 Beacon St., Boston, Mass.
Frederic J. de Peyster (Treasurer), ,'7 East 42d St., New York, N. Y.
Thomas D. Seymour, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
William M. Sloane, College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. L

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Fitzgerald Tisdale, College of the City of New York, New York, N. Y.
William S. Tyler, Amherst College, Amherst, Mass.
James C. Van Benschoten, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.
William R. Ware, School of Mines, Columbia College, New York, N. Y.

JUaitagtttg Committee.

1886-87.

John Williams White (Chairman), Harvard University, Cambridge,
Mass.

H. M. Baird, University of the City of New York, New York, N. Y.

I. T. Beckwith, Trinity College, Hartford, Conn.

Francis Brown, Union Theological Seminary, 1200 Park Ave., New
York, N. Y.

Martin L. D'Ooge, University of Michigan, Athens, Greece.

Henry Drisler, Columbia College, 48 West 46th St., New York, N. Y.

O. M. Fernald, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass.

A. F. Fleet, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.

Miss Alice Freeman, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.

Basil L. Gildersleeve, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

William W. Goodwin (C/iairmau of Cotmnittee on Publications),

Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
William G. Hale, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
Albert Harkness, Brown University, Providence, R. I.
Thomas W. Ludlow (Secretary) , Yonkers, N. Y.
Augustus C. Merriam, Columbia College, 124 East 55th St., New

York, N. Y.

Charles Eliot Norton {ex officio), Harvard University, Cambridge,
Mass.

Francis W. Palfrey, 255 Beacon St., Boston, Mass.

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS.

William Pepper, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
Frederic J. de Peyster (Treasurer), 7 East 420! St., New York, N. Y.
Thomas D. Seymour, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
William M. Sloane, College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J.
Fitzgerald Tisdale, College of the City of New York, New York, N. Y.
William S. Tyler, Amherst College, Amherst, Mass.
James C. Van Benschoten, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.
William R. Ware, School of Mines, Columbia College, New York, N. Y.

lEsecuttoe Committee.

1886-87.

John Williams White (Chairman),

William W. Goodwin.

Thomas W. Ludlow (Secretary).

Charles Eliot Norton.

Frederic J. de Peyster (Treasurer).

William R. Ware.

ptreetor*.

William Watson Goodwin, Ph. D., LL.D., Eliot Professor of Greek
Literature in Harvard University. 1882-83.

Lewis R. Packard, Ph. D., Hillhouse Professor of Greek in Yale Uni-
versity. 1883-84.

James Cooke Van Benschoten, LL.D., Seney Professor of the Greek
Language and Literature in Wesleyan University. 1884-85.

Frederic De Forest Allen, Ph. D., Professor of Classical Philology
in Harvard University. 1885-86.

Martin L. D'Ooge, Ph. D., Professor of Greek in the University of
Michigan. 1886-87.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

(^operating College*.
1886-87.

AMHERST COLLEGE.
BROWN UNIVERSITY.

COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.
COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY.
COLUMBIA COLLEGE.
CORNELL UNIVERSITY.
DARTMOUTH COLLEGE.
HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY.

TRINITY COLLEGE.
UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEW
YORK.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY.
WELLESLEY COLLEGE.
WILLIAMS COLLEGE.
YALE UNIVERSITY.

^tttberits.

LOUIS BEVIER (1882-83).*
WALTER RAY BRIDGMAN (1883-84).
N. E. CROSBY (1886-87).
JOHN M. CROW (1882-83).
WILLIAM L. CUSHING (1885-87).
THOMAS H. ECKFELDT (1884-85).
HAROLD NORTH FOWLER (1882-83).
HENRY T. HILDRETH (1885-86).
JOSEPH McKEEN LEWIS (1885-87).
WALTER MILLER (1885-86).
WILLIAM J. McMURTRY (1886-87).

Miss ANNIE S. PECK (1885-86).

WILLIAM J. SEELYE (1886-87).

PAUL SHOREY (1882-83).

J. R. S. STERRETT (1882-83).

F. H. TAYLOR (1882-83).

S. B. P. TROWBRIDGE (1886-87).

JAMES R. WHEELER (1882-83).

ALEXANDER M. WILCOX (1883-84).

FRANK E. WOODRUFF (1882-83)*

THEODORE L. WRIGHT (1886-87).

Not in attendance during the entire year.

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS.

trustee* of tfje $cl)ool.

James Russell Lowell {President).

Samuel D. Warren {Treasurer).

William W. Goodwin (Secretary).

Martin Brimmer.

Henry Drisler.

Basil M. Gildersleeve.

Henry G. Marquand.

Charles Eliot Norton.

Frederic J. de Peyster.

Henry C. Potter.

William M. Sloane.

John Williams White.

Theodore D. Woolsey.

(fecuttoe Committee of ttje trustee*.

James Russell Lowell.
Samuel D. Warren.
William W. Goodwin.
Charles Eliot Norton.

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS

OF THE MANAGING COMMITTEE

OF THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

To the Council of the Archceo logical Institute of America : —

Gentlemen, — I have the honor to submit to you
the Reports of the Managing Committee of the Ameri-
can School of Classical Studies at Athens for the
years 1885-86 and 1886-87, namely, from October 1,
1885, to October 1, 1887. The Report for 1885-86,
which would regularly have been submitted to you
in the autumn of 1886, was unfortunately delayed
by hindrances that were unavoidable, and was finally
postponed in order to appear in connection with the
Report for 1886-87.

The fourth year of the School was opened by the
Director, Professor Frederic D. Allen, at Athens, on
October 8, 1885, in the house previously occupied by
the School. Five regular members were present
during the year: —

IO AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

William Lee Cushing, A. B. (Yale University, 1872), A.M.
(Yale University, 1882).

Henry T. Hildreth, A. B. (Harvard University, 1885),
holder of a Parker Fellowship in Harvard University.

Joseph McKeen Lewis, A. B. (Yale University, 1883),
holder of the Soldiers' Memorial Fellowship in Yale University.

Walter Miller, A. M. (University of Michigan, 1884).

Miss Annie S. Peck, A. B. (University of Michigan, 1878),
A. M. (University of Michigan, 1881).

The Director met the students frequently. During
the winter, meetings were held three or four times each
week. At some of these the Director gave informal
lectures on the Greek dialects; others were devoted to
the study of inscriptions, and still others to the cur-
sory reading of Greek authors. These meetings were
omitted after the middle of March, in order that the
students might have command of their time for carry-
ing out their own plans of study and travel.

In his Report to the Managing Committee the
Director bore witness to the zeal and diligence of
all the students. All were deeply interested in the
remains of Hellenic antiquities, and all gave much
time to general reading in the directions of the his-
tory of art, art remains, and topography. Early in
the winter most of them chose a subject for special
study.

Mr. Cushing, expecting to remain in the School
another year, reserved the completion of written work
for that year. His studies during 1885-86 lay specially

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS. I I

in the direction of architecture. Mr. Hildreth made
the topography and antiquities of the demes of
Northern Attica his special subject for investigation,
and collected materials for an essay. Mr. Lewis
worked unremittingly on the Attic inscriptions, and
began to prepare a thesis on the phonology of the
Attic vowels and diphthongs of the classical period
as ascertained from inscriptions. Mr. Miller made
a study of Attic sepulchral reliefs, and has presented
a paper on the interpretation of these monuments.
This paper, in its first form, was read before the
School in January. Miss Peck began the study of
the temple remains at Eleusis.

The students made excursions in Attica during
the autumn and winter, and in the spring undertook
longer journeys. The hospitality of the School, in-
cluding the use of the library, was extended to many
persons besides its regular members, especially to
Americans and Englishmen sojourning in Athens.
Among these may be named Miss Dawes, a pupil of
Girton College and a graduate of London University,
and Dr. E. S. Hawes of Boston. Dr. J. R. S. Sterrett,
who was spending the year in Athens, although not
connected officially with the School, gave the benefit
of his learning and experience to its members. Pro-
fessor Thomas D. Seymour of Yale University was
the guest of the Director of the School during the last
two months of the year.

In the spring of 1886, the School undertook for the

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

first time the excavation of an ancient site. The pro-
posal was made to the Managing Committee by the
Director in February, and was immediately approved.
The site selected was that of the theatre at Thoricus
on the southeast coast of Attica, within easy reach of
Athens. With the discovery of the theatre at Epi-
daurus the question of the structure of the orchestra
in Greek theatres was again under discussion, and it
became a matter of more than merely archaeological
interest to discover as many unromanized theatres as
possible. It seemed possible to the Director that this
little provincial theatre might have escaped serious
changes of arrangement, — that at any rate it would
be interesting to examine it. His plan was approved
by Dr. Dorpfeld and by Mr. Penrose, and his applica-
tion to the Ministry for leave to excavate received a
favorable answer. Mr. P. Kavvadias, the Director-
General of Antiquities, gave him all the assistance in
his power. Work was begun on April 13, and was
continued, with interruptions, to the end of the year.
All the members of the School took great interest in
the enterprise, but the excavations were chiefly under
the superintendence of Mr. Miller. They were resumed
and completed in the autumn, during the year of the
directorship of Professor D'Ooge, under the charge of
Mr. Cushing. Mr. Miller and Mr. Cushing will each
contribute a paper to the fourth volume of Papers of
the School, shortly to appear, giving an account of
the progress of the work, and a statement of results.

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS.

The fifth year of the School was opened by the
Director, Professor Martin L. D'Ooge, October 1,
1886, in the house previously occupied. Seven reg-
ular members were present during the year, two of
whom had been members also in 1885-86: —

N. E. Crosby, A. B. (Columbia College, 1883), A. M. (Co-
lumbia College, 1885).

William Lee dishing, A. B. (Yale University, 1872), A. M.
(Yale University, 1882).

Joseph McKeen Lewis, A. B. (Yale University, 1883),
holder of the Soldiers' Memorial Fellowship in Yale
University.

William J. McMurtry, A. B. (Olivet College), A. M. (Uni-
versity of Michigan, 1882).

WTilliam J. Seelye, A. B. (Amherst College, 1879), A.M.
(Amherst College, 1882).

S. B. P. Trowbridge, A. B. (Trinity College, 1883), Ph. B.
(School of Mines, Columbia College, 1886).

Theodore L. Wright, A. B. (Beloit College, 1880), A.M.
(Harvard University, 1884).

The general work of the School during the year,
under the guidance of the Director, was as follows.
Twice each week during October and November the
students visited and discussed ruins in and about
Athens. During the first three months of the year
there was a weekly reading of parts of Pausanias,
which led to many discussions, and suggested themes
for further study. This exercise was followed for
about two months by the reading and interpretation

14 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

of inscriptions contained in Hicks's Manual of Greek
Historical Inscriptions. Evening readings were held
once each week during three months, at which mem-
bers of the School read and expounded a set portion
of the Acharnians and of the Oedipus at Colonus.
From the beginning of the year until March the
School held a weekly session, at which reports were
made. These reports included items of archaeological
news, reviews of new books, the discussion of topics
suggested by reading, and the presentation of brief
papers on set themes. Among the more important
subjects presented were the following : —

The Literature of the Curves of the Parthenon ; A Com-
parison of Kick's and Christ's Analyses of the Iliad ; The
Representation in Sculpture of the Personification of Cities
and States ; The site of " Hippios Colonos"; Some Modifica-
tions of the Doric possibly due to the Influence of the Ionic
Order of Architecture ; An Inscription from the Asclepieium
at Athens ; The Decorations of the Athena Parthenos of
Phidias ; A Review of Wagnon on " The Relation of Egyptian
and Greek Sculpture"; An Account of the Excavations of
the Necropolis at Myrina ; Representations of Childhood and
Immature Forms in Ancient Art.

This list exhibits the great variety of topics pre-
sented for discussion at the weekly sessions of the
School. Besides these private sessions, three public
sessions were held during the year, at which carefully
prepared papers were read on " The Site of the Pnyx,"
" The Theatre at Thoricus," and " The Appreciation of

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS.

Nature exhibited in the Tragedies of Euripides." At
the last session accounts also were given of the ex-
cavations at Croton by Mr. Joseph Thacher Clarke
and Dr. A. Emerson, and of those at Sicyon by the
Director.

In his final report the Director announced that the
following theses and reports would be submitted to
the Managing Committee : —

The Theatre at Thoricus, by Mr. Cushing.
The Amphiaraum at Oropus, by Mr. Seelye.
The Theatre at Sicyon, by Mr. McMurtry.
The Appreciation of Nature exhibited in some of the
Greek Poets, by Mr. Wright.

Mr. Lewis completed his paper on Attic Vocalism,
begun in the preceding year. This thesis and Mr.
Cushing's report on the Theatre at Thoricus will be
published in the fourth volume of Papers of the
School, now in press. The other papers, if approved
by the Committee, with a paper by the Director on
a subject not yet announced, will be published in
the fifth volume.

In the spring the members of the School made
tours in different parts of Greece. In March a
large party went into Peloponnesus under the guid-
ance of the Director and Dr. Dorpfeld. The hospi-
talities of the School were extended to Dr. T. D.
Goodell of Hartford, Mr. M. C. Gile of Phillips Acad-
emy at Andover, and Mr. H. T. Hildreth, who returned

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

to Athens to continue his investigation of the denies
of Northern Attica. The use of the library was freely
granted to the members of the British School, whose
library did not reach Athens until the end of the year.
Access to the library was given also to many Ameri-
cans who came to Athens merely as tourists. They
were aided by the Director also in forming plans
for study and travel, and were thus made practically
acquainted with the advantages which the School
offers.

In a preliminary report made to the Managing
Committee at the meeting held on November 19, 1886,
the Director announced that Mr. Kavvadias, the
Director-General of Antiquities, offered the School the
privilege of excavating the theatre of ancient Sicyon,
the site of the modern village of Vasilikon. The
Committee had previously made an appropriation for
purposes of exploration, and gratefully accepted the
permission granted them by Mr. Kavvadias. Sicyon,
lying northwest of Corinth upon a height about two
miles from the Gulf, was one of the most ancient cities
of Greece, and one of the chief seats of Greek art;
and the exploration of its theatre promised important
results. The Director visited the site on February
21, in company with Mr. Penrose, Dr. Dorpfeld, and
Mr. Kavvadias, for the purpose of inspection. Work
was begun on March 23, under the immediate charge
of Mr. McMurtry, and was continued, with occasional
interruptions, to the end of the year. An interesting

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS.

but complicated stage structure was discovered, show-
ing clearly that the original arrangement of the stage
had at some time been altered. Several rows of seats,
and a water-course encircling the orchestra, apparently
of the same construction as that surrounding the
orchestra of the Theatre of Dionysus at Athens, were
brought to light, as well as pieces of statues, a frag-
ment of an inscription, and bits of architectural mem-
bers of what appears to have been the stage building.
The Committee awaits the account of Mr. McMurtry,
to be published in the fifth volume of Papers, with
interest. The excavations will be continued during
1887-88 by Professor Merriam.

Professor D'Ooge left Athens on June 1, having
brought a prosperous year in the history of the School
to a successful close. He will publish in January, as
the third Bulletin of the School, a full account of his
year's work.

I record with sorrow the death of one of the recent
members of the School, J. McKeen Lewis, eldest child
of Charlton T. Lewis, Esq., of New York. Mr. Lewis
graduated at Yale University in 1883. He spent the
greater part of the year after his graduation in study
at Munich. On his return, in 1884, he was appointed
to the Soldiers' Memorial Fellowship at Yale Univer-
sity, and devoted himself mainly to the study of Greek.
After one term, however, a Greek tutorship in the
Academical Department falling temporarily vacant,
the Faculty called on him to teach for the remainder

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

of the college year. In September, 1885, he went to
Athens, while still holding the Fellowship, and remained
there as a student in the School for the following year.
He spent the summer of 1886 in study in Berlin, and re-
turned to Athens in October for another years work.
The winter proved unfavorable to his health, and he
came home before the end of the school year. He
died on April 29, about ten days after his return.

Although he was only in his twenty-fourth year at
the time of his death, Mr. Lewis had already given
evidence that he possessed remarkable powers of
mind. He distinguished himself, while still an under-
graduate, in philological studies. He had strong lin-
guistic tastes, but his fondness for literature was still
stronger. He knew the Greek poets, and had read
Plato. During the last three years of his life he de-
voted himself specially to the Greek orators, making a
rhetorical analysis of each oration, and collecting a
vast amount of material for comparison. He was an
earnest student and worked independently, but his
teachers testify that he was ready to accept any
suggestion, and was very docile. Classical studies in
America have sustained a serious loss in his death.

The last Report of your Committee gave a brief
account of the distinguished work in exploration done,
chiefly under the auspices of the School, by Dr. J. R.
S. Sterrett, referring particularly to the extraordinary
results of his expedition into Asia Minor in the sum-
mer of 1885. Through the generosity of Miss Catha-

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS.

rine L. Wolfe, of New York, who had previously
contributed the means by which Dr. Sterrett was
enabled to carry on his researches during the sum-
mer of 1885, he was enabled to remain in Europe
until the autumn of 1886, while engaged in the
preparation of his report. Dr. Sterrett's reports of
his researches in Asia Minor in the summers of 1884
and 1885 will constitute the second and third volumes
of the Papers of the School. The third volume will
be published, it is hoped, early in the year 1888.

It will be seen from the above, that the Committee
on Publications has changed its intention as stated in
the last Report. It was found impracticable to issue
the second volume of Papers of the School at the
time and in the manner proposed. According to the
present plan of the Committee, Dr. Sterrett's two
reports will constitute the second and third volumes
of Papers, and the fourth volume, now in press, will
contain Papers written during the first, fourth, and
fifth school years. The titles of these papers are as
follows: —

1. The Theatre of Thoricus, Preliminary Report by Walter
Miller.

2. The Theatre of Thoricus, Supplementary Report by
William L. dishing.

3. On Greek Versification in Inscriptions, by Frederic D.
Allen.

4. The Athenian Pnyx, by John M. Crow ; with a Survey
of the Pnyx and Notes by Joseph Thacher Clarke.

5. Notes on Attic Vocalism, by J. McKeen Lewis.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

During the two years covered by the present Re-
port, the following members have been added to the
Managing Committee: November 20, 1885, Professor
William R. Ware, of the School of Mines, Columbia
College, and Professor Augustus C. Merriam, of Co-
lumbia College ; May 21, 1886, Professor O. M.
Fernald, of Williams College, Professor I. T. Beck-
with, of Trinity College, and Professor Fitzgerald
Tisdale, of the College of the City of New York ;
November 19, 1886, Miss Alice E. Freeman, President
of Wellesley College, and Professor H. M. Baird, of
the University of the City of New York ; May 20,
1887, Dr. William Pepper, Provost of the University
of Pennsylvania, and Professor A. F. Fleet, of the
University of Missouri. Each of the contributing
Colleges is represented on the Managing Committee
by at least one member. Lists of the members of
the Managing Committee in 1885-86 and in 1886-87
precede this Report.

I regret to announce the withdrawal of one of the
supporting Colleges, the University of Virginia, which
contributed to the support of the School during the
first two years. The Committee regrets the loss of
the active support of this old and honored Univer-
sity, but has the assurance of the continuance of its
friendly interest. Six Colleges have accepted the in-
vitation of the Committee, and are now represented
among its members : Trinity College, the University
of the City of New York, the University of Missouri,

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS.

2 I

the University of Pennsylvania, Wellesley College, and
Williams College. The active support of the Univer-
sity of Missouri begins with the year 1887-88. In the
autumn of 1886 the University of the City of New
York contributed the sum of $1,000 to the fund for the
permanent endowment of the School. This liberal
contribution was acknowledged by the Committee by
votes of thanks addressed to the Chancellor and other
authorities of the University, and to the Rev. Dr.
Howard Crosby, the former Chancellor, who has won
the gratitude of the friends of the School by earnest
and successful efforts, on many different occasions, to
promote its interests. On the evening of November 19,
1 886, under the auspices of the New York Society of the
Archaeological Institute of America, undergraduates of
the University of Pennsylvania presented, in the Acad-
emy of Music of New York City, the Acharnians of
Aristophanes in the original Greek. This perform-
ance of the Acharnians, which had previously been
presented in Philadelphia, was given at the request of
representatives of fourteen Colleges and Universities,
addressed to the authorities of the University of Penn-
sylvania. In granting their request, the Provost of the
University expressed the wish that the proceeds of the
performance should be added to the fund for the per-
manent endowment of the School of Classical Studies
at Athens. The proceeds amounted to $1,378.09.
Your Committee, although the play was not presented
under its immediate auspices, felt the liveliest interest

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

in its performance, which proved to be very successful,
and instructed the Chairman, in conveying to the Pro-
vost its grateful thanks, to request the Provost and
the Board of Regents of the University to permit the
Committee to restore the name of the University of
Pennsylvania to the list of Colleges uniting in support
of the School. By subsequent vote, the authorities
both of the University of the City of New York and
of the University of Pennsylvania were requested to
permit the Managing Committee to accept the large
and generous contributions made by these Univer-
sities to the fund for the permanent endowment of
the School as full payment in lieu of future annual
contributions.

The interest in the School among the undergradu-
ates of the contributing Colleges is great, and in still
another instance has taken practical form. In March,
1887, the musical societies of Harvard University,
the Glee Club, Pierian Sodality, and Banjo Club,
united in mvino: a concert in Boston in behalf of the
School. The concert brought together a brilliant
audience. The music, which was of great variety, was
rendered with excellent effect. The proceeds of the
concert, amounting to $718, were contributed to the
fund for the permanent endowment of the School.
The concert was given by the musical societies at the
suggestion of the Harvard Classical Club, whose mem-
bers willingly undertook the labor of the necessary
arrangements. Your Committee desires publicly to

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS.

express its thanks to all of these gentlemen for the sub-
stantial aid which they have rendered to the School,
and for the successful manner in which they have
brought its interests to the attention of an audience
competent to appreciate its claims.

In March, 1886, by authority of the Committee, I
sent to 400 teachers of the classics in different parts of
the United States copies of the First Bulletin of the
School, which were furnished by the courtesy of the
Bureau of Education at Washington, and of the Fourth
Report of the Committee, with a letter stating that I
should be glad to answer the inquiries of persons who
contemplated going to Greece for purposes of study.
The list of the teachers to whom these documents
were sent was prepared with especial care, and many
replies were received from ladies and gentlemen
who stated their intention of becoming at some time
members of the School. A year later the Com-
mittee had a circular prepared, giving a list of the
books with which students proposing to join the
School would need to have some acquaintance, and
information as to travel and expenses. This circu-
lar, which has been widely distributed, is appended
to this Report.

At its meeting on November 20, 1885, the Commit-
tee by unanimous vote invited Professor Augustus C.
Merriam, of Columbia College, to be the Director of
the School during its sixth year ; and the invitation
was accepted. Professor Merriam possesses special

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

qualifications of the highest order for the responsible
position to which he has been called.

On May 20, 1887, I presented to the Committee
my resignation of the chairmanship, stating the rea-
sons which, much to my regret, made it imperatively
necessary for me to resign the office with which I had
been honored for six years. On the recommendation
of a special committee, Professor Thomas D. Seymour,
of Yale University, was unanimously elected as my suc-
cessor. Professor Seymour brings to the service of the
School extensive, varied, and accurate scholarship, and
an intimate personal knowledge of Greece.

With the permission of the Committee I append to
this Report balanced statements of the expenses and
receipts of the School for each of the five years begin-
ning October 1, 1882, and ending September 30, 1887.
The income of the School during these five years was
$16,032.67. All of this sum except $132.67 was re-
ceived as subscriptions from the supporting Colleges.
But this statement of receipts does not include $500
contributed to the library of the School in 1883-84
(see the Third Annual Report of the Committee, p. 23),
nor the salaries which were granted to the Directors
each year by the Colleges to which they were attached
as professors. This salary amounted annually to at
least $2,500. The total expenditures in behalf of the
School during the time named, roughly stated, were
$30,000.

Of the $16,032.67 which were intrusted to the

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS. 2$

Committee for disbursement, there was a balance of
$1,396.95 in the hands of the Treasurer on October 1,
1887. The remainder was expended as follows. The
annual appropriations for the rent of the house occu-
pied by the Director and his family amounted to
$4,998.68. This item will not appear in the accounts
hereafter, since the School now owns its own house.
A grant of $500 was made in 1884 for services ren-
dered to the School during the illness of the Director.
The sum of $3,403.24 was expended on the library.
But this sum was increased to at least $4,000 by gifts
not transmitted to the Treasurer. The library con-
tains 1,500 volumes, exclusive of periodicals. The
books have been selected with great care, and the
library proves to be unusually well adapted to the
needs of those who use it. It necessarily contains
many expensive works. The house occupied by the
School from 1882 to 1887 was furnished at an expense
of $1,422.41. The excavations made by the School
at Thoricus and Sicyon cost $768.84, and the inci-
dental expenses at Athens have amounted to $367.83.
The incidental expenses at home, exclusive of print-
ing, amounted to $517.97; and the printing of Bulle-
tins, Reports, etc., cost $557.69. The total cost of
the publication of the first volume of the Papers of
the School, of which two editions were printed, was
$1,494.80; but this was reduced by the subscription
of the Archaeological Institute, by sales, and by reim-
bursement for copies lost at sea to $1,115.69. The

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

sum of $983.37 was expended, on account, on the
second, third, and fourth volumes.

The last Report of your Committee recorded the
generous offer of the Government of His Majesty, the
King of the Hellenes, to confer upon the American
School at Athens the site for a building near the
plot of ground bestowed upon the British School.

On October 31, 1885, the President of the Archaeo-
logical Institute of America and the Chairman of the
Committee issued the following circular: —

" The American School of Classical Studies at Athens,
founded under the auspices of the Archaeological Institute of
America, is now entering upon its fourth year, and the Com-
mittee in charge of the School believe that the time has come
for endeavoring to obtain the means to provide for it perma-
nent and appropriate quarters of its own. Up to the present
time, it has occupied a hired house for the residence of its
Director and for the accommodation of its library, and has
paid an annual rental of $1,000.

" The Greek Government has offered to the Committee on
the School an admirable site for building, of little less than
two acres in extent, and of an estimated value of about
$13,000. On account of lack of means for building, the
Committee have not been able definitely to accept this liberal
and gratifying offer. A similar offer of an adjoining site has
been made to and accepted by the Committee in charge of
the British School ; the means for building have been secured
by them ; and, plans having been prepared by Mr. F. C
Penrose, the work of building, at an estimated cost of over
.£3,000, is already far advanced.

"The Committee on the American School believe that it is
desirable, for the interest of both Schools, that their respect-

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS. 2 J

ive buildings should be in close proximity. They are assured
of the cordial co-operation of the Committee on the British
School in their common work, and it is their confident hope
that the advantages afforded by either School to its pupils
will be freely shared by the pupils of both.

" If the estimate for the building of the British School be
adopted for that of the American, the sum of $20,000 will
be required. The annual interest upon this sum is not greater
than the amount now paid for rent. A suitable building of its
own will not only add to the dignity of the School, but will
secure it against the chance of hereafter having to change
its quarters, with the inevitable attendant expenses, and risk
of injury to its library and other property.

" The Committee have already received, through the gen-
erous gifts of persons interested in their work, the sum of
$4,000 for the building fund.

"They now appeal to all those persons concerned in the
progress of classical studies in America to assist them in
their endeavor to obtain the remainder of the amount
required.

" Subscriptions may be sent to the undersigned, or to any
member of the Committee."

The Committee unanimously adopted this appeal
at the meeting held on November 20, recording it
by vote as the official action of the Committee, and
requested Professors Norton and Ware to submit to
them, at their next regular meeting, plans for a build-
ing, and an estimate of its cost.

Committees were immediately formed in Boston
and New York, with Mr. James Russell Lowell and
Mr. Henry G. Marquand respectively as chairmen,
to solicit subscriptions. It was announced that no

2 8 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

subscription would be binding until the sum of
$25,000 had been guaranteed. In a short time the
Boston committee reported $19,000, including $4,000
subscribed in the preceding winter, and the New
York committee assured the remainder. These com-
mittees appointed Trustees, a list of whom is prefixed
to this Report, to hold the property of the School.
The Trustees subsequently secured articles of incorpo-
ration under the laws of Massachusetts. Their num-
ber may not exceed fifteen. They are to receive, hold,
invest, and disburse all funds contributed for the
benefit of the School.

At a meeting held on March 9, 1886, the Execu-
tive Committee of the Trustees passed the following
votes : —

" I. That the Treasurer be authorized to pay to the order
of the Chairman and Treasurer of the Committee of the
School of Athens such sums as may be required, not exceed-
ing $20,000 in all, for the erection of a building at Athens
for the School, upon land the title to which shall be vested
in the Corporation.

" 2. That the annual income of such sum as may be held
or received by the Treasurer after the completion of the
expenditure for the building be held at the order of the
Chairman and Treasurer of the Committee of the American
School at Athens."

The Chairman had already, on February 16, ad-
dressed a circular letter to the members of the Com-
mittee, announcing that sufficient funds had been
secured to warrant the Committee in proceeding at

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS. 29

once with the erection of a building at Athens for
the use of the School, and asking for the appoint-
ment of an Executive Committee, with full powers, to
determine the site, to secure its transfer to the Trus-
tees, to settle on the plans for the building, and to
take such other steps as they should deem necessary.
The appointment of this Committee was unanimously
agreed to. At the following meeting, on May 21, it
was made a permament Executive Committee, with
power to act on all matters relating to the School
in the interims between the regular semiannual meet-
ings of the Committee. A list of the members of the
Executive Committee precedes this Report.

The offer of the Greek Government of a building
site had originally been made in the autumn of 1884,
through Mr. Tricoupes, who was then the Prime
Minister. Your Committee were not able to accept it,
having no means at this time for building ; but his
Excellency with great courtesy agreed, when this fact
was made known to him, to hold the plot of ground
that had been promised until the School should be able
to occupy it. In January, 1886, the Chairman of the
Committee requested Professor Allen, the Director of
the School, to make known to the Greek Government,
through the proper channel, that we were now ready to
accept its generous offer, and to proceed with the erec-
tion of a building. Just at this time Greece was in a
state of great political excitement, and war was appar-
ently imminent. The Director consulted with the

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Minister of the United States at Athens, the Hon.
J. Williams Walker Fearn, who readily consented to
address the Greek Ministry in behalf of the School,
but did not think it wise, in view of the difficulties with
which the Ministry was contending, to do this at once.
In February he spoke of the matter to the King, who
with great kindness said that the land should be given
us whenever we wanted it, that the best site was that
next to the building of the British School, and that a
new street (which it was feared might be run between
the site proposed and that of the British School)
should be dispensed with. In March Mr. Fearn ad-
dressed the Prime Minister, Mr. Deligiannes, directly
in regard to the site. Mr. Deligiannes said that the
matter should receive his attention at the earliest pos-
sible moment. Six weeks later there was a change in
the government, and on May 21 Mr. Tricoupes. again
became Prime Minister. Mr. Fearn, in behalf of the
School, addressed Mr. Dragoumes, the new Minister
of Foreign Affairs, himself a scholar and archaeologist,
on the day he assumed office. He expressed great
interest in the matter, and shortly afterwards called at
the American Legation to say that he had spoken to
Mr. Tricoupes, who had begged him to assure Mr.
Fearn that his interest was unabated, and that he
hoped very soon to inform him that the land on the
slope of Lycabettus was at the disposal of the School.
On June 29 Mr. Fearn telegraphed to your Chairman
that the grant had been made by royal decree. A

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS. 3 1

plan, showing the position and dimensions of the plot
of ground, followed by mail. The land measures 50
metres east and west, and 120 metres north and
south ; that is, it has a frontage of about 165 feet and
a depth of nearly 400, and contains about an acre and
a half. It has an estimated value of 70,000 drachmae.
There are streets on the northern, eastern, and south-
ern sides. A copy of the Official Gazette containing
the text of the royal decree was received later in the
summer.

The Department of State at Washington, duly
acknowledging Mr. Fearn's communication in which
he informed his Government of the gift to the School,
requested Mr. Fearn to assure the Government of His
Majesty of the interest which the Government of the
United States felt in the establishment of the School,
and to thank His Majesty for the gift. Early in De-
cember, by action of the Trustees, power of attorney
was sent to Mr. Fearn, with the request that he
would continue to act as the representative of the
Trustees in the final transfer of the property. An
instrument was duly drawn, whereby a donatio inter
vivos, absolute and irrevocable, of the land was made
by the Monastery of the Asomaton, or Petrake, to the
Trustees of the School, and this was signed on January
29, 1887, the Superior of the Monastery, accompanied
by two monks, and Mr. Lappas, representing the
Ministry of Grace and Public Instruction, accompa-
nied by the Government notary and witnesses, coming

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

to the American Legation for the purpose. A copy
of the instrument was sent, by the courtesy of Mr.
Fearn, to the chairman of your Committee. Juridi-
cally, Mr. Fearn acted throughout simply as an Ameri-
can citizen representing the School ; and should there
in the future be need of legal action, it will only be
necessary for the Trustees to constitute the Director
their formal representative.

As is apparent from the preceding account, the
friends of the School owe a great debt of gratitude to
Mr. Fearn. From the time when his assistance was
first requested, he has exerted himself unweariedly in
its behalf. He has conducted delicate negotiations
with perfect tact, and manifested throughout a schol-
arly appreciation of the object to be achieved, and
enthusiasm for its accomplishment. His services to
the School have been of special value, and your
Committee desire publicly to record their deep sense
of their obligation to him. On November 19, 1886,
they unanimously passed the following votes : —

"Resolved, That the Minister of the United States at
Athens be requested to cause to be conveyed to His Majesty,
the King of the Hellenes, the expression of the profound
gratitude of the Committee for the interest manifested by His
Majesty in the welfare of the American School at Athens, and
for his munificent gift to the School of a noble site for its
building.

"Resolved, That the Executive Committee convey to
the Hon. J. Williams Walker Fearn, Minister of the United

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS.

States to the Government of His Majesty, the King of the
Hellenes, the thanks of the Committee for the lively interest
shown by him in the School, and for his valuable assistance
in securing its objects."

Professor Ware submitted to the Committee, at the
meeting held on May 21, 1886, plans for a building and
an estimate of its cost. The plans were accepted, with
the thanks of the Committee, and Mr. S. B. P. Trow-
bridge, a graduate of Trinity College and of the School
of Mines of Columbia College, was appointed to take
charge of the erection of the building under Profes-
sor Ware's direction. Mr. Trowbridge proceeded to
Athens, and ground was broken in the autumn. The
corner-stone of the new building was laid on March
12, 1887, with appropriate ceremonies, a full account
of which will be given in the forthcoming Bulletin of
Professor D'Ooge, who was then Director. The
building will be ready for occupation in January,
1888.

The Committee are under great obligations to Pro-
fessor Ware. He has prepared the plans for the build-
ing and directed its construction without charge. The
sole responsibility for a trust of unusual difficulty has
rested upon him. He has successfully overcome all
obstacles- as they have arisen, and has substantially
lessened the cost of the building by enlisting the in-
terest of many American manufacturers who have
supplied material. No one else is so well prepared
to speak about the building, and at my request he

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

has prepared the following account, which he permits
the Committee to make a part of this Report.

On the southern slope of Mount Lycabettus, about fifteen
minutes' walk from the centre of the city, is an open reser-
vation about a quarter of a mile square, partly laid out as
public grounds, partly occupied by public buildings. Here
on the western side is the hospital Evangelion, and higher
up the hill a plot of ground for a Normal School, the build-
ing for which has not yet been erected. On the eastern
side is the old monastery of the Asomaton, now occupied as
officers' barracks, standing picturesquely in the midst of trees,
one of the few groves in Attica, the successor of the ancient
sanctuary and gymnasium of Cynosarges, which occupied this
spot. In the central portion is a small park, and above this
and the open grounds of the hospital is the plot of ground, con-
taining about three acres, which the Greek Government, with
a liberality which has characterized all its relations to them,
has given to the British and American Schools. The lower
part of this space is occupied by a sparse grove of olive trees,
and the buildings of the two Schools stand near one another
at the highest part of the field, about four hundred feet above
the Aegean, the British School next to the Normal School,
the American towards the east next to the groves of the
Asomaton. To the north rises the steep rock of Lycabettus,
cutting off the winter winds; on the east, south, and west
stretches the unrivalled panorama from Pentelicus and Hy-
mettus to Salamis. " The view," wrote the American Min-
ister, " is one of unequalled loveliness, even in this land of
beauty." Happily, the open ground on all sides promises to
leave it to us forever. Moreover, the site is not only high, but
dry, and, being what is practically virgin soil, is free from any
suspicion of the malaria that infects the older and lower parts
of the town. Yet it has an abundant supply of water, for the

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS. 35

Aqueduct of Hadrian flows past the door. All the sanitary
conditions seem to be of the best.

The building for the British School contains the Director's
house, and a large room for the library of the School, which
occupies nearly half of the second story. In the American
building, also, the library is up stairs, occupying a wing thirty
feet square which runs out towards the east, the lower story
of which is taken up with a number of rooms for students,
while in the basement, half of w7hich is entirely above ground,
are rooms for photographic work. The main building, which
is about fifty feet square, has the kitchen, laundry, and ser-
vants' rooms in the basement, half a dozen chambers and
bedrooms in the next story, and in the story above, on the
same floor with the library, the Director's study, a large
drawing-room, and a dining-room with a pantry adjoining.
This is connected with the kitchen, two stories below, by a
lift, or dumb-waiter, and by a staircase which leads on up to
the roof, where, in a third story, are a couple of guest-chambers
and two covered verandas, or loggias, one to the north and
one to the south, for summer and winter use, which give ac-
cess to the level house-top. This is fitted for awnings, and,
being only one story above the dining-room and library, is
likely to prove of use and convenience during the period ot
warm weather. On the second story is also a covered veranda,
or loggia, looking south and east, opening from the Director's
study and from the drawing-room, the windows of which
command the view from Hymettus to the Megarean hills.

The approach to the building is by a new street laid out
between the grounds of the School and the monastery, and
occupying the site of one of the ravines which abound on the
lower slopes of the mountain. The front door is on the north
side, protected by a covered driveway. An outer vestibule
gives access to a small hall, from which one door leads to the
Director's apartments and one to the students' quarters. A

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

marble staircase conducts to a larger hall, on the second story,
from which direct access is had to the library and the Director's
study, and, less immediately, to the drawing-room and dining-
room. The secondary stairway gives access to these rooms
directly from the chambers below, without obliging the Di-
rector and his family to use the main stairway, which has a
somewhat public character.

The floors and roof are framed in iron, and this is said to
be the only completely fire-proof building in Greece. The
doors, windows, flooring, book-cases, and other interior wood-
work, were sent out from this country, and are of a character
to do the utmost credit to American workmanship. The
makers of this furnishing have manifested a lively interest in
the work, and have given us everywhere full measure and
running over of whatever we have asked of them. Moreover,
they have greatly diminished the cost of the building to us by
direct gifts. Messrs. J. B. and J. M. Cornell generously gave us
the entire iron staircase, extending from cellar to roof ; the
Hopkins and Dickinson Manufacturing Company, through Mr.
T. H. O'Connor, all the hardware for the entire house ; the
Sanitas Company, a complete set of plumbing fittings ; Messrs.
A. H. Davenport and Company, the library mantelpiece;
Messrs. Norcross Brothers, that for the dining-room ; and the
Belcher Mosaic Glass Company, two decorative panels for the
vestibule door. Messrs. W. H. Jackson and Company also
allowed us to purchase our grates and fireplaces at wholesale
prices, besides making a handsome discount from that cost ;
and the Florio-Rubattino and Cunard Steamship Companies
have allowed special rates for freight, which have materially
diminished that grievous item.

The School is greatly indebted to Mr. Trowbridge's intelli-
gence and fidelity for the satisfactory progress of the work
upon the building under circumstances which have called for
the constant exercise of his tact and discretion.

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS. 37

The conduct of the work on this side of the water has been
in the hands of my assistant, Mr. A. D. F. Hamlin, who has
made all the detail drawings and has conducted a chief part
of the business correspondence in my behalf. The School is
under obligations to him also for the personal interest and
zeal which he has put into this service.

The earnest hope expressed in the last Report of your
Committee has thus been realized, and the American
School of Classical Studies at Athens has now a home
of its own, a worthy and enduring monument of the
interest in Greek studies which is felt in America, and
the visible evidence of our desire that no means shall
be lacking for their successful promotion.

The response made to the appeal for the means
with which to erect and furnish a building was im-
mediate and liberal. The books of the Treasurer
show that from all sources the sum of $26,553.22 has
been received for this purpose. Your Committee,
encouraged by this generous response, proceeded at
once, when the means for building had been assured,
to the consideration of the graver question of the
permanent endowment of the School. Without such
an endowment it was impossible to put it under the
charge of a permanent Director.

The supporters of the School have intended from
the beginning that it should ultimately be under the
direction of a permanent head, as are the other Archae-
ological Schools at Athens. The American School
has suffered from the unjust criticisms of those who

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

have failed to understand the necessities that encom-
passed its founders, although your Committee have
stated again and again in their Reports that the plan
which they adopted, both for the maintenance and for
the direction of the School, was only temporary. That
the adoption of this plan in 1 88 1 was wise lias been
proved beyond question. The great usefulness of the
School in the promotion of classical studies has been
demonstrated, and its claims on the friends of culture
and education in America have been substantially
recognized.

At the meeting held on November 19, 1886, the
Committee determined that an organized effort should
be made to secure for the School a permanent endow-
ment of $100,000 within the next two years; and after
long and earnest deliberation they decided to proceed
at once to the election of a permanent Director. They
unanimously voted to invite Dr. Charles Waldstein of
New York, Reader in Archaeology and Director of the
Fitzwilliam Museum of Art at the University of Cam-
bridge, England, to become the permanent Director
of the School when the endowment should be secured.
Two months later Dr. Waldstein accepted the invita-
tion of the Committee under this condition.

No choice could have been happier. Dr. Waldstein
was born in New York City, and studied at Columbia
College. He subsequently took the degree of Doctor
of Philosophy at the University of Heidelberg, and
although still a young man he soon achieved an emi-

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS. 39

nent place among scholars. Although long resident in
England, and bound by many close ties to the ancient
University that early recognized his signal abilities, he
is still in feeling, as by birth, an American, and con-
sents to relinquish his distinguished position in Eng-
land in order to assume the direction of the American
School.

Your Committee earnestly hope to be able to invite
Dr. Waldstein to take charge of the School in the
autumn of 1888, and in closing this Report would
appeal to the friends of learning for immediate help in
raising the permanent endowment. The School has
been in existence for five years. Its success has
equalled the most sanguine expectations of its found-
ers. It has furnished guidance and instruction to
twenty-one students. It has had the sympathetic sup-
port of twenty Colleges. It has won confidence at
home and recognition abroad. It has a suitable house,
with accommodations both for the Director and for
students. It has at its command the services of a
distinguished scholar. Under these circumstances its
friends make their appeal for its permanent endow-
ment with hope and confidence.

JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE,

Chairman,

Cambridge, Mass.,

December 31, 18S7.

X
Q

3
i

=6fe

oooooooooooo
oooooooooooo
do'dddddodddo

O i^LnO iri iri Lr, Lr, ir, iri ir, ivi
NNNCOttNCSNNNtSN

. *

oj '5

■ b "a!

St; £c S ft > £ ^ o o
+-> ° •= ^ o ^ o 5 P .ti

bJO

a; P

u
u
c

aS VN

o d

O O O O co " co

q-j^qooH-h-co
d c4 co On c-i cK co >A rA.

O N

o >->

C/5

M-H

u
• aS

fl S3 8 S

a o 2; £

< PQ [i< H

o a

U
.S bxs

<u u ft

C/5 H,

C O W

5

5 £

QJ^

^ W c/)

a
as

0)
b£

O
U

u
aS

a o

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

ooooooooo
oooqoqooo
6666666666666

ly-, U~) l-O O «-*"> O «J~> O

MMNNNCSNMcONMNN

O <D ^

2 5 |

<u +j S3

M-( ft
° 0 h2

bp bp „

o o 'is c £

u u pq

^ cu > g _d

OA) <U

<U J-H

C/3 15

tbX) £

> >

M-f C

o £>
a

1 3

-a
a

O tn

cu o
a, o
< pq

no co

LO O

M no

ri On

d oo

»0

On O

't ^°

O . P

c S
P-< P<

c
a; -o
ft c

W c/3

oo
I

OJ oo

£ oo

o "

S3 O

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS.

co
co

o o o o o o o

o q q q o q q

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

U~l U-> l-O ly-, l_o O

N M N N M M N

*8=

I 5

°P S3 ^

4 S3 °
§8 .>

^ o

QJ a) >
> c/3 <U

3 JL ^ >» * s

>— o — > a->
to £ >, |2 >
.S £ £ « '5

^ U .5 £
o o o h c

52 qj qj _c

6 o

-5 o o • ~
£u U CQ ^

o o o o o o

O LO LI"! U-)

N N N N M N

• • oj

1> bJO £ to • ~ w

oj0 qj qj > r3 S

ft O '3 £ > U

cj u D ^ -S ^

g aJ qj 1j g

£ o * £ o
 U Q

.ft1 o
s- s-.
u ft
ft)

O N vO
O ro 00

d d\d\
O o

O VO M

00 M

o\oo o

co C4 On

.9 o

.2 ft

O O

q q
6 co

O t/3

S1 0 ^

ft O 3

< ft ft

ftl

o o
o W

.■5 " 3

C S3 rt
t3 -2 ft

qj rt
3 »
r, B

O 00 en
ft CO <-<

QJ « QJ

C4 ^ ft

en § ft

£ ft 1$

as (j nh

+f 'cn

bJO

^•2

5 8

ft CO

<u o
a -rt

g
'as

tu ft

00 g
O ft

<«

t/3 ^

a ft c
ft W

s °?

QJ CO

g 00

o M

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

CO "~>
CO

oo
oo

8 <

3 .a

ca <u
PQ P4

o o
q q
d »o

oooooooooooo
o q q o oo q q q q q q
666666666666

U^UOO U~i LO 1^1 LO O U~> L/~! U~| U~l

o ^

• & ^ <u

bjQ cu >

£ = -3 ^

cu >*»

CD ^

,t; o ° h

cu G

bJO

£ G

^ pq u

£ 'o o
< U U

a; >, o
bJO ^ S

oo
oo

cn
G

"C
a

Cfl
X>

G
CO

o
dS
q

™ "1" ~t

c\ oo vd

-t-

O CO

=6©=

G cu

I -a I

O cn >

^ M n

a o u

Oh O X

< pq W

X i-
G

o -

be pq

■i be

bJO G

g -c

U bJO

o 'E

O '

'IS

X g

Cfl

cn
cu

t/3

i-!

k/3

> oo
°

cu oo

G ^

2 o

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS. 45

00000
o o q q o
0 0 0 0 0

ur> \r\ l/~> ur% O
N M M M

OOO
OOO

odd

u~v «-0 O
M N N

bJO

•5 » 5 ^

„ 11 £ bo ^

bjo ojO <u <u

03^ > 5 3 S 5 0 -1

i> S "S "

4-.' O

E 0 ^ ^ -

O TO

<U ^ "7^ ^ O —

llll.-ill

2 S 'C £ £ O ° fc ^ ° ° £ £ £ o

■c a

N ^ H

O ON

CO H-

OOOOO

un» O in « O

«-o d t^s lo d

O N

q m

l^i vd

>-n

■O

=63=

-f

5 c >v?

O c/J

0 Oh

CX. O

< h5

c/a

^ CO
OO Lr,

d n

<U (J

C/J TO
TO CJ

-a

'to

ex,

c c

PL,

.fa O
u >

CXi-r;

£ Q

c/j X

0 o zr

c a, c
<u x 3

0 £

<u 00

£ 00

0 M

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS.

JANUARY, 1888.

The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, founded by
the Archaeological Institute of America, and organized under the
auspices of some of the leading American Colleges, was opened Octo-
ber 2, 1882. During the first five years of its existence it occupied a
hired house on the 'OSo? 'A/x.aA.ta? in Athens, near the ruins of the
Olyrnpieion. A large and convenient building has now been erected
for the School on a piece of land, granted by the generous liberality of
the Government of Greece, on the southeastern slope of Mount Lyca-
bettus, adjoining the ground already occupied by the English School.
This permanent home of the School, built by the subscriptions of its
friends in the United States, will be ready for occupation early in 1888.
During the first months of 1887-88, the School has been accommo-
dated in temporary quarters in the city.

The new building contains the apartments to be occupied by the
Director and his family, and a large room which will be used as a
library and also as a general reading-room and place of meeting for
the whole School. A few rooms in the house are intended for the
use of students. These will be assigned by the Director, under such
regulations as he may establish, to as many members of the School as
they will accommodate. Each student admitted to the privilege of a
room in the house will be expected to undertake the performance of
some service to the School, to be determined by the Director ; such,
for example, as keeping the accounts of the School, taking charge of
the delivery of books from the Library and their return, and keeping
up the catalogue of the Library.

The Library now contains about 1,500 volumes, exclusive of sets of
periodicals. It includes a complete set of the Greek classics, and the

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

most necessary books of reference for philological, archaeological, and
architectural study in Greece.

The advantages of the School are offered free of expense for tuition
to graduates of the Colleges co-operating in its support, and to other
American students who are deemed by the Committee of sufficient
promise to warrant the extension to them of the privilege of member-
ship. It is hoped that the Archaeological Institute may in time be
supplied with the means of establishing scholarships, which will aid
some members in defraying their expenses at the School. In the
mean time, students must rely upon their own resources, or upon
scholarships which may be granted them by the Colleges to which they
belong. The amount needed for the expenses of an eight months'
residence in Athens differs little from that required in other European
capitals, and depends chiefly on the economy of the individual.

A peculiar feature of the temporary organization of the School dur-
ing its first six years, which has distinguished it from the older German
and French schools at Athens, has been the yearly change of Director.
This arrangement, by which a new Director has been sent out each
year by one of the co-operating Colleges, was never looked upon as
permanent ; and it has now been decided to begin the next year
(1888-89) with a new organization. A Director will henceforth be
chosen for a term of five years, while an Annual Director will also be
sent out each year by one of the Colleges to assist in the conduct of
the School. (See Regulation V.) Dr. Charles Waldstein, of New
York, now Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum of Art at the University
of Cambridge, England, has been chosen Director of the School for
five years beginning in October, 1888 ; and he has accepted the ap-
pointment on the condition that a sufficient permanent fund be raised
before that time to support the School under its new organization. It
is therefore earnestly hoped and confidently expected that the School
will henceforth be under the control of a permanent Director, who by
continuous residence at Athens will accumulate that body of local and
special knowledge without which the highest purpose of such a school
cannot be fulfilled. In the mean time the School has been able, even
under its temporary organization, to meet a most pressing want, and to
be of some service to classical scholarship in America. It has sought
at first, and it must continue to seek for the present, rather to arouse

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS.

a lively interest in classical archaeology in American Colleges than to
accomplish distinguished achievements. The lack of this interest has
heretofore been conspicuous ; but without it the School at Athens,
however well endowed, can never accomplish the best results. A
decided improvement in this respect is already apparent ; and it is
beyond question that the presence in many American Colleges of pro-
fessors who have been resident a year at Athens under favorable cir-
cumstances, as annual directors or as students of the School, has done
much, and will do still more, to stimulate intelligent interest in classic
antiquity.

The address of the Chairman of the Managing Committee is
Thomas D. Seymour, New Haven, Conn. ; that of the Secretary,
Thomas W. Ludlow, Yonkers, N. Y.

REGULATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF
CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

JANUARY, 1888.

I. The object of the American School of Classical Studies is to
furnish an opportunity to study classical Literature, Art, and Antiqui-
ties in Athens, under suitable guidance, to graduates of American
Colleges and to other qualified students ; to prosecute and to aid
original research in these subjects ; and to co-operate with the
Archaeological Institute of America, so far as it may be able, in
conducting the exploration and excavation of classic sites.

II. The School is in charge of a Managing Committee. This Com-
mittee, which was originally appointed by the Archaeological Institute,
disburses the annual income of the School, and has power to add to
its membership and to make such regulations for the government ot
the School as it may deem proper. The President of the Archaeo-
logical Institute and the Director anci Annual Director of the School
are ex officio members of the Committee.

III. The Managing Committee meets semi-annually, in New York
on the third Friday in November, and in Boston on the third Friday

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

in May. Special meetings may be called at any time by the
Chairman.

IV. The Chairman of the Committee is the official representative
of the interests of the School in America. He presents a report
annually to the Archaeological Institute concerning the affairs of the
School.

V. i. The School is under the superintendence of a Director.
The Director is chosen and his salary is fixed by the Managing Com-
mittee. The term for which he is chosen is five years. The Com-
mittee provides him with a house in Athens, containing apartments
for himself and his family, and suitable rooms for the meetings of
the members of the School, its collections, and its library.

2. Each year the Committee appoints from the instructors of the
Colleges uniting in the support of the School an Annual Director,
who resides in Athens during the ensuing year and co-operates in
the conduct of the School. In case of the illness or absence of the
Director, the Annual Director acts as Director for the time being.

VI. The Director superintends personally the work of each mem-
1 er of the School, advising him in what direction to turn his studies,
and assisting him in their prosecution. He conducts no regular
courses of instruction, but holds meetings of the members of the
School at. stated times for consultation and discussion. He makes a
full report annually to the Managing Committee of the work accom-
plished by the School.

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS. 51

of the School must make application to the Committee. Members
of the School are subject to no charge for tuition. The Committee
reserves the right to modify the conditions of membership.

IX. Each member of the School must pursue some definite subject
of study or research in classical Literature, Art, or Antiquities, and
must present a thesis or report, embodying the results of some impor-
tant part of his year's work. These theses, if approved by the Direc-
tor, are sent to the Managing Committee, by which each thesis is
referred to a sub-committee of three members, of whom two are
appointed by the Chairman, and the third is always the Director
under whose supervision the thesis was prepared. If recommended
for publication by this sub-committee, the thesis or report may be
issued in the Papers of the School.

XI. American students resident or travelling in Greece who are
not regular members of the School may, at the discretion of the
Director, be enrolled as special students and enjoy the privileges of
the School.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF
CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

1882-1888.

The Annual Reports of the Committee may be had gratis on application to
the Secretary of the Managing Committee. The other publications are for sale
by Messrs. Damrell, Upham, & Co., 283 Washington Street, Boston, Mass.

First, Second, and Third Annual Reports of the Managing Commit-
tee, 1881-84. pp. 30.

Fourth Annual Report of the Committee, 1884-85. pp. 30.

Fifth and Sixth Annual Reports of the Committee, 1885-87.
pp. 56.

Bulletin I. Report of William W. Goodwin, Director of the School
in 1882-83. pp. 33. Price 25 cents.

Bulletin II. Memoir of Lewis R. Packard, Director of the School
in 1883-84, with Resolutions of the Committee and the Report for
1883-84. pp. 34. Price 25 cents.

Preliminary Report of an Archaeological Journey made in Asia
Minor during the Summer of 1884. By J. R. S. Sterrett. pp. 45.
Price 25 cents.

PAPERS OF THE SCHOOL.

Volume I. 1882-83. Published in 1885. 8vo. pp. viii. and 262.
Illustrated. Price $2.00.

Contents : —

1. Inscriptions of Assos, edited by J. R. S. Sterrett.

2. Inscriptions of Tralleis, edited by J. R. S. Sterrett.

3. The Theatre of Dionysus, by James R. Wheeler.

4. The Olympieion at Athens, by Louis Bevier.

5. The Erechtheion at Athens, by Harold N. Fowler.

6. The Battle of Salamis, by William W. Goodwin.

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS. 53

Volume IV. 1885-86. Published in 1888. 8vo. pp.277. Illus"
trated. Price $2.00.
Contents : —

1. The Theatre of Thoricus, Preliminary Report by Walter Miller.

2. The Theatre of Thoricus, Supplementary Report by William L. Cushing.

3. On Greek Versification in Inscriptions, by Frederic D. Allen.

4. The Athenian Pnyx, by John M. Crow ; with a Survey of the Pnyx and
Notes by Joseph Thacher Clarke.

5. Notes on Attic Vocalism, by J. McKeen Lewis.

Volume II., 1883-84, containing Dr. J. R. S. Sterrett's Report of
his Journey in Asia Minor in 1884, with Inscriptions, and two new
Maps by Professor H. Kiepert, will be published, it is hoped, before
the end of 1888.

Volume III., 1884-85, containing Dr. Sterrett's Report of the Wolfe
Expedition to Asia Minor in 1885, with Inscriptions, mostly hitherto
unpublished, and two new Maps by Professor Kiepert, will be published
early in 1888.

CIRCULAR OF INFORMATION FOR STUDENTS PRO-
POSING TO JOIN THE SCHOOL.

JANUARY, 1888.

Students in Athens will find a knowledge of German and French
of the utmost service in all their work.

The books in the following lists of which the titles are printed in
the larger type are recommended to students as an introduction to the
different branches of Greek Archaeology. The more special works,
whose titles are printed in smaller type, are recommended as books
of reference, and for students whose department of special study is
already determined.

LIST OF BOOKS.
GENERAL WORKS.

Pausanias.

Collignon : Manual of Greek Archaeology (translated by J. H.
Wright).

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

S. Reinach : Conseils au Voyageur Archeologue en Grece.
Taine : Philosophic de l'Art en Grece.

Daremberg et Saglio : Dictionnaire des Antiquites (article, Attica
Respublica).

S. Reinach : Manuel de Philologie Classique.

Stark : Systematik und Geschichte der Archaologie der Kunst.

C. T. Newton : Essays on Art and Archaeology.

Burnouf : Memoires sur l'Antiquite.

A. Boetticher : Olympia.

I. Miiller : Handbuch der Klassischen Altertums-Wissenschaft.
Bockh : Die Staatshaushaltung der Athener.

ARCHITECTURE.

Durm : Die Baukunst der Griechen.

Von Reber : History of Ancient Art (translated by Clarke).
Papers of the American School at Athens. Vol. I.

Penrose : Principles of Athenian Architecture.
Michaelis : Der Parthenon.
Fergusson : The Parthenon.

Baumeister : Denkmaler des Klassischen Altertums,/rtjj,/;«.
A. Miiller : Lehrbuch der Griechischen Biihnen-alterthiinier.
Boutmy : Philosophic de l'Architecture en Grece.

SCULPTURE.

A. S. Murray : History of Greek Sculpture.
Overbeck : Geschichte der Griechischen Plastik.

Waldstein: Essays on the Art of Pheidias.
Petersen : Die Kunst des Pheidias.
Collignon : Phidias.

Overbeck: Die Antiken Schriftquellen zur Geschichte der Bildenden Kiinste.
Brunn : Geschichte der Griechischen Kiinstler.
Heuzey : Catalogue des Terres Cuites du Louvre.

VASES.

Dumont et Chaplain : Les Ceramiques de la Grece Propre.

COINS.

Head : Historia Numorum.

P. Gardner : Types of Greek Coins.

Ruskin : Aratra Pentelici.

FIFTH AND SIXTH ANNUAL REPORTS.

EPIGRAPHY.

Taylor : The Alphabet. Vol. II.

Kirchhoff : Geschichte des Griechischen Alphabets.

Hicks : Greek Historical Inscriptions.

S. Reinach : Traite d'Epigraphie Grecque.

Papers of the American School at Athens. Vols. L, III., and IV.

Dittenberger : Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum.

Cauer: Delectus Inscriptionum Graecarum.

Meisterhans : Grammatik der Attischen Inschriften.

G. Meyer: Griechische Grammatik.

Roehl: Inscriptiones Graecae Antiquissimae.

Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum.

Corpus Incriptionum Graecarum.

Loewy : Inschriften Griechischer Bildhauer.

MYTHOLOGY.

Seemann : Mythologie der Griechen und Romer.
Collignon : Mythologie Figuree de la Grece.
Decharme : Mythologie de la Grece Antique.

Roscher: Lexikon der Griechischen und Romischen Mythologie.
Burnouf : La Legende Athenienne.
Ruskin : Queen of the Air.

TOPOGRAPHY.

Baedeker : Griechenland (latest edition) .

Murray's Handbook for Travellers in Greece.

Curtius und Kaupert : Atlas von Athen.

Baumeister : Denkmaler (articles, Athen and Peiraieus) .

Curtius und Kaupert : Karten von Attika (Erlauternder Text).

E. Curtius: Peloponnesos.

Wachsrriuth: Die Stadt Athen im Alterthum.

Hertzberg : Athen.

Dyer: Ancient Athens.

Burnouf : La Ville et l'Acropole d'Athenes.

PERIODICALS.
Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique.

Mittheilungen des Kais. Archaol. Instituts : Athenische Abtheilung.
American Journal of Archaeology.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Journal of Hellenic Studies.
'£</>?7/xepis 'ApxaioXoyiKrj.

UpaKTLKa rrjs iv 'AOrjvcus 'Ap^atoAoytK^s 'Eraipias.

MODERN GREEK.
Vincent and Dickson : Handbook to Modem Greek.
Contopoulos : Modern Greek and English Lexicon.

TRAVEL AND EXPENSES.

Students wishing to travel from the United States to Athens with the greatest
economy of time and money are advised to sail from New York to Havre, Ant-
werp, Bremen, or Hamburg. The cost of the sea voyage varies from $40 to
$125. From the port of landing the journey to Athens may be made for about
$100 (first class) or $75 (second class) including ordinary living expenses.
Three routes are available for the voyage to Athens upon the Mediterranean :
from Marseilles, by the Messageries Maritimes steamers, or by the Fraissinet or
Florio-Rubattino line; from Brindisi, by Greek or Italian steamers or the
Austrian Lloyd; from Trieste, by the Austrian Lloyd. Before securing passage
by any of these lines, care should be taken to ascertain that the Greek Govern-
ment has not established a quarantine against the port of departure. Quaran,
tined ports are to be avoided if possible, as the delay on landing from them is
tedious and costly.

It is not advisable to attempt to sail directly from New York to the Peiraeus
during the summer months, on account of the danger of quarantine. The voyage
by this route (by the Florio steamers), which is to be recommended at other
seasons, requires about three weeks, and costs $150 (first class).

At the large hotels in Athens board and lodging can be obtained for $14 per
week; at small hotels and in private families, for $7 per week and upward. A
limited number of students may have rooms, without board, in the new School
building, which will be completed early in 1888. The figures here given repre-
sent maximum estimates, and careful economy may reduce actual expenses below
them. The student should go well supplied with clothing and similar necessities
for his stay, as all such articles are expensive in Athens ; and in providing these
he must not count too much on a warm climate during the winter. He should
encumber himself with as few books as possible in travelling ; the School library,
which now contains about fifteen hundred volumes, provides all the books that
are most essential for study in Greece.

Members of the School are required to study in Athens, or in such Greek
Jands as the Director of the School may approve, between October 1 and June 1.

^rtjmolojjtral Institute of ^merka.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

MANAGING COMMITTEE

OF THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS.

1887-88.
rattjj tfje Eepatte of tje Annual ©trectorg,

PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE, Ph.D., AND PROFESSOR
AUGUSTUS C. MERRIAM, Ph.D.

CAMBRIDGE:
JOHN WILSON AND SON.
2a lifters tt# $ress.
1889.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

Officers, etc., of the School at Athens 3

Seventh Report of the Managing Committee 7

Report of Professor D'Ooge 25

Report of Professor Merriam (including a Detailed
Statement of what has been hitherto known of Icaria

and the icarians) 39

Financial Statements . 102

Regulations, Publications, etc. 105

Circular of Information for Students who propose to

ENTER THE SCHOOL Ill

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate

I. The New School Building at Athens .... Frontispiece

II. Icaria. The Church, from the South 60

HI. " The Excavations, looking Eastward .... 75

IV. " " " LOOKING OVER THE PyTHION . 79

V. « looking toward the North-
west 79

Map of the Northeastern Part of Attica cc

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES
AT ATHENS.

JHanajjmg Committee,

1887-88.

Thomas D. Seymour (Chairman), Yale University, New Haven,
Conn.

H. M. Baird, University of the City of New York, New York, N. Y.

I. T. Beckwith, Trinity College, Hartford, Conn.

Francis Brown, Union Theological Seminary, 1200 Park Ave., New
York, N. Y.

Miss A. C. Chapin, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.

Martin L. D'Ooge, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Henry Drisler, Columbia College, 48 West 46th St.. New York, N. Y.

O. M. Fernald, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass.

A. F. Fleet, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.

Basil L. Gildersleeve, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

William W. Goodwin (Chairman of Committee on Publications),

Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Willtam G. Hale, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
Albert Harkness, Brown University, Providence, R. I.
Thomas W. Ludlow (Secretary), Yonkers, N. Y.
Augustus C. Merriam, Columbia College, Athens, Greece.
Charles Eliot Norton (ex officio), Harvard University, Cambridge,

Mass.

Francis W. Palfrey, 255 Beacon St., Boston, Mass.
William Pepper, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Frederic J. de Peyster {Treasurer), 7 East 42c! St., New York, N. Y.

William M. Sloane, College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J.

Fitz Gerald Tisdall, College of the City of New York, New York, N. Y.

William S. Tyler, Amherst College, Amherst, Mass.

James C. Van Benschoten, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.

William R. Ware, School of Mines, Columbia College, New York, N.Y.

John Williams White, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

lEmuh'be Committee.

1887-88.

Thomas D. Seymour {Chairman).

William W. Goodwin.

Thomas W. Ludlow {Secretary).

Charles Eliot Norton.

Frederic J. de Peyster {Treasurer).

William R. Ware.

John Williams White.

©trectors.

William Watson Goodwin, Ph. D., LL.D., Eliot Professor of Greek
Literature in Harvard University. 1882-83.

Lewis R. Packard, Ph. D., Hillhouse Professor of Greek in Yale Uni-
versity. 1883-84.

James Cooke Van Benschoten, LL.D., Seney Professor of the Greek
Language and Literature in Wesleyan University. 1884-85.

Frederic De Forest Allen, Ph. D., Professor of Classical Philology
in Harvard University, 1885-86.

Martin L. D'Ooge, Ph. D., Professor of Greek in the University of
Michigan. 1886-87.

Augustus C. Merriam, Ph. D., Professor of Greek in Columbia Col-
lege. 1887-88.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Cooperating (JTolIffjcs.

1887-88.

AMHERST COLLEGE.

BROWN UNIVERSITY.

COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.

COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY.

COLUMBIA COLLEGE.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY.

DARTMOUTH COLLEGE.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY.

TRINITY COLLEGE.
UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEW
YORK.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY.
WELLESLEY COLLEGE.
WILLIAMS COLLEGE.

YALE UNIVERSITY.

Stuoents.

LOUIS BEVIER (1882-83).*

WALTER RAY BRIDGMAN (1883-84).

CARL DARLING BUCK (1887- ).

N. E. CROSBY (1886-S7).

JOHN M. CROW (1882-83).

WILLIAM LEE CUSHING (1885-87).

MORTIMER LAMSON LA RLE (1887-88).

THOMAS H. ECKFELDT (1884-85).

A. F. FLEET (1887-88).

HAROLD NORTH FOWLER (1882-83).

HENRY T. HILDRETH (1885-86).

GEORGE BENJAMIN HUSSEY(ti&7-W);

JOSEPH McKEEN LEWIS (1885-87).

WALTER MILLER (1885-86).

WILLIAM J. McMURTRY (1886-87).
Miss ANNIE S. PECK (1885-86).
WILLIAM J. SEELYE (1886-87).
PAUL SHOREY (1882-83).
J. R. S. STERRETT (1882-83).
F. H. TAYLOR (1882-83).
DANIEL QUINN(m7- ).
OLIVER J. THA TCHER (1887-88).
S. B. P. TROWBRIDGE (1886-88).
JAMES R. WHEELER (1882-83).
ALEXANDER M. WILCOX (1883-84).
FRANK E. WOODRUFF (1882-83).*
THEODORE L. WRIGHT (1886-87).

* Not iri attendance during the entire year.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

trustees of tfje Scfjool

James Russell Lowell {President).

Samuel D. Warren {Treasurer).

William W. Goodwin {Secretary).

Martin Brimmer.

Henry Drisler.

Basil M, Gildersleeve.

Henry G. Marquand.

Charles Eliot Norton.

Frederic J. de Peyster.

Henry C. Potter.

William M. Sloane.

John Williams White.

Theodore D. Woolsey.

lExecttttoe Committee of tfje ^Trustees.

James Russell Lowell.
Samuel D. Warren.
William W. Goodwin.
Charles Eliot Norton.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE MANAGING COMMITTEE

OF THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

To the Council of the Archceological Institute of America:

Gentlemen, — I have the honor to submit to you
the Report of the Managing Committee of the Ameri-
can School of Classical Studies at Athens, for the
year from October i, 1887, to October 1, 1888; and
also the Report of Professor D'Ooge, Annual Director
for the year 1886-87, and that of Professor Merriam,
Annual Director for the year 1887-88.

The sixth year of the School was opened by the
Director, Professor Augustus C. Merriam, on October
2, 1887. Professor Merriam found on his arrival at
Athens that the new School building was not ready
for use, while the books and furniture had been re-
moved from the building which had been the home of
the School for five years. He secured rooms, in a con-
venient situation, for the library of the School and its
work. Those in charge of the new building hoped

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

that it might be ready for occupation by January i,
1888 ; but its completion was delayed for three months
longer. In February the library was moved to the
new home of the School, and in April the students'
rooms were furnished, and were occupied for the rest
of the School year.

The following were enrolled as regular members of
the School : —

Professor A. F. Fleet, of the University of Missouri.

Carl Darling Buck, A. B. and Soldiers' Memorial Fellow
of Yale College.

Mortimer Lamson Earle, A. B., A. M., and Fellow of Co-
lumbia College.

George Benjamin Hussey, A. B. Columbia College, A. M.,
Ph. D., and Fellow of Johns Hopkins University.

Rev. David Ouinn, A. B. Mt. St. Mary's College.

Oliver Joseph Thatcher, A. B. Wilmington College, Fellow
of Union Theological Seminary.

S. B. P. Trowbridge, A. B. Trinity College, Ph. B. School
of Mines, Columbia College.

Of these, Mr. Trowbridge had been a member of the School
also during the year 1886-87.

Professor Mather of Amherst, Professor Louis Dyer and
Mr. H. B. Carpenter of Boston, and many others, were wel-
comed to the meetings of the School and to its Library.

Professor Merriam's Report gives a somewhat de-
tailed account of the work done under his direction.
Three sessions were held each week. The first was
devoted to Epigraphy; the second was devoted to re-
ports embodying the results of investigation ; the third
was literary.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

As in the previous years, the different members of
the School pursued very different lines of special re-
search ; but each received advantage from the labors
of each of the others, and all were united in the study
of the matters of general interest to all classical stu-
dents. The expeditions of the year into the country
of Greece seem to have been unusually numerous
and profitable. Each year, travel in Greece becomes
easier, while as yet the other conditions of life in the
interior are but little changed.

The excavations which had been begun at Sicyon
under Professor D'Ooge's direction were continued by
Professor Merriam, and placed in charge of Mr. Earle.
The objects found, and the results of the work, were
not numerous, but of considerable importance. The
most interesting discovery was a statue, — one of the
few known remains of art from Sicyon. The orches-
tra of the theatre was wholly cleared, but the soil was
not removed from the great cavea. To clear the debris
from the seats would be highly satisfactory, but would
be comparatively expensive for the results promised.
That excavation can be completed at a later time.
Mr. Earle has prepared a careful account of the
work at Sicyon for publication in the Papers of the
School.

Professor Merriam 's attention had been directed by
Professor Ernst Curtius to Milchhofer's discovery of
a ruined church embodying the remains of a choragic
monument at Dionyso, and his identification of this

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

site with the ancient Icaria. Soon after reaching
Athens, Professor Merriam visited the spot, and ap-
plied for permission to dig there. The official per-
mission was delayed for some weeks by the absence
from the country of the owner of. the property. Work
was begun there on the thirtieth day of January,
under the care of Mr. Buck, and within five days,
besides architectural fragments and parts of statues,
inscriptions were brought to light which confirmed
Milchhofer's brilliant conjecture. These established
the site and proved the ancient importance of Icaria.
These excavations were continued for several weeks.
Seldom has work of this kind been so satisfactory,
and accomplished so much at so slight expense. An
account of these excavations is given by Professor
Merriam in his accompanying Report. Mr. Buck is
preparing papers on the inscriptions and sculptures
which were discovered there.

The Ephor-General of Antiquities, Mr. Kabbadias,
and the owner of the property, Mr. Heliopulos, unite
in assuring us that we shall have the same rights of
publication of the objects found at Icaria as were
granted to the German Government for the objects
found at Olympia.

A reference to the Financial Statement for the year
will show that like sums were expended for the ex-
cavations at Sicyon and at Icaria, — less than three
hundred dollars at either place. To say nothing of
the actual contribution to knowledge which has been

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

made, these excavations have been highly stimulating
and useful to the members of the School. They have
provided unique material for investigation.

The Managing Committee of the School at its May
meeting congratulated the Director, Professor Mer-
riam, " upon the extraordinary interest of the work
accomplished by the School during the past year, —
work which has served to illustrate one of the most
important myths and characteristic traditions of At-
tica, to throw light upon the history of the drama, and
to add to the precious stores of archaic art"

Professor Merriam left Athens on June ist. Two
of the members of the School remained in Greece for
some weeks longer.

At the November meeting in 1887 tne Committee
received with regret the resignation of Miss Alice
Freeman, who had represented Wellesley College in
its councils. Miss Angie Clara Chapin, Professor of
Greek in Wellesley College, was invited to succeed
her as member of the Managing Committee.

At the May meeting of 1888 the resignation was
presented of Professor William Seymour Tyler, who
had once before offered his resignation, but had with-
drawn it at the unanimous desire of the Committee.
The Chairman was instructed to express to Profes-
sor Tyler — the Nestor of American philologists in
active service — the reluctance of the Committee to
accept his resignation, and their high appreciation
of his successful efforts in behalf of the School.

12 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Professor Richard H. Mather was elected to suc-
ceed Professor Tyler as member of the Managing-
Committee.

The Committee, through the President of Vassar
College, the Rev. Dr. Taylor, extended an invitation
to that College to join the other Colleges which are
associated in the maintenance of the American School
at Athens. The invitation was accepted, and Miss
Abby Leach was elected to represent Vassar College
as member of the Committee.

In the last Report of this Committee the confident
hope was expressed that henceforth the School would
be " under the control of a permanent Director, who
by continuous residence at Athens will accumulate
that body of local and special knowledge without
which the highest purpose of such a School cannot
be fulfilled." The Managing Committee at its last
meeting, had invited Dr. Waldstein to assume charge
of the work of the School at Athens at once. But
the conditions on which he had accepted the Direc-
torship had not been met; the fund for the perma-
nent endowment of the School had not been secured.
He was naturally unwilling to resign for our sake
the important and honorable positions which he held
in England, until the financial basis of the School
was firmly established. We, on our part, were un-
willing to incur the personal obligation of urging
him to accept the Direction of the School under
existing circumstances.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

But we desired to have the advantage of Dr. Wald-
stein's counsel in the conduct of the School. He met
the Executive Committee at the rooms of the Treas-
urer of Harvard College, in Boston, on August 9,
1888, and after a careful consideration of the situa-
tion the following arrangement was made : Dr. Wald-
stein will direct the studies of the members of the
School during the coming year so far as he can while
remaining in Cambridge, and will give his advice in
matters pertaining to the School. He will go to
Athens in December, and will remain there until
about January 20, actively directing the work of
the School. He expects to go to Athens again in
the spring. He invites Mr. Buck, the member of the
School who conducted so happily the excavations at
Icaria last winter, to study with him at the Fitzwilliam
Museum during October and November, in prepara-
tion for the publication of the discoveries at Icaria.
He hopes to invite the members of the School to
work under his direction at Cambridge, or in the
British Museum, during June.

This arrangement is a temporary compromise, and
as such is not wholly satisfactory to either party. We
hope that a permanent arrangement can be made be-
fore the opening of the School year of 1889-90. We
have lost our opportunity of securing the undivided
services of Dr. Waldstein for the year 1888-89, by
our failure to secure the permanent endowment of
the School. The conditions on which he had

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

previously accepted the Directorship had not been
carried out.

The Managing Committee at its May meeting in
Cambridge invited Professor William Gardner Hale, of
Cornell University, to act as Annual Director of the
School for the Academic year 1888-89; but he reluc-
tantly declined the invitation, on the ground that
its acceptance would involve the surrender of long-
cherished and carefully formed plans for work abroad
during this year.

The Executive Committee, to whom this matter
was intrusted, then elected Professor Frank Bigelow
Tarbell, Ph. D., Annual Director for the coming year,
and the invitation was accepted. Professor Tarbell
has shown unusually broad and accurate scholarship,
and skill in guiding the studies of philologists, during
eleven years of service as teacher of Greek in Yale
College* He visited Greece in 1880. For several
years he has been particularly interested in Greek
archaeology, and he spent the year 1887-88 in study
abroad, pursuing investigations which make his advice
and instruction especially valuable to the students of
the School. We count ourselves exceedingly fortu-
nate in securing the services of so accomplished a
scholar as Annual Director, at so late a date, when
no member of the Committee was able to go.

The number of members of the School during the
year 1887-88 was within one of the largest until now.
Perhaps we could not expect that more than six or

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

seven young Americans would present themselves
for work at Athens, under the present circumstances.
Neither the German Institute nor the French School
expects to keep more students in residence, and the
number of members of the British School has been
distinctly smaller. No one should judge of the in-
fluence and importance of the work of the School by
the number of students in residence. Almost without
exception, the former members of the School are
actively engaged in teaching Greek, — occupying im-
portant positions from Maine to Texas, from Massa-
chusetts to Kansas. Every member of their classes
feels the effect of their work in the School at Athens.
Thus the influence of the School will be more widely
and deeply exerted from year to year.

Several years ago this Committee called attention
to the desirability and importance of the foundation of
college or university scholarships which should allow
the holder to study in Greece. The expense of life
and study in Greece has been materially reduced by
the opening of the School building; but many of the
young men of our colleges who would gladly devote
themselves to Greek as their life-work are hindered
by lack of means from availing themselves of the op-
portunities afforded by the American School. Most
scholarships or fellowships are limited to residents at
a special college or university. The Soldiers' Memo-
rial Fellowship at Yale College, however (which is
given by preference to those " who have shown special

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

proficiency in Greek "), by the provisions of the gift,
allows " the Fellow to spend a part or the whole of
the time of his incumbency in Athens, in connection
with the American School of Classical Studies." The
stimulus thus offered is clearly marked. Holders of
this Fellowship have been among the members of the
School during four of the last five years, and at least
two young men of high promise are now studying
with the expectation of going to Athens as incum-
bents of that Fellowship.

No large additions were made to the library dur-
ing the year; but the most needed books were pur-
chased — about one hundred volumes in all — and
the subscriptions to archaeological publications were
continued. The books now in the library have been
selected with the utmost care, and by the most com-
petent judges. A well-known foreign scholar has
pronounced the library of the American School to be
excellent for working purposes. It now contains a
set of ancient classics, generally in the best editions,
and often in several editions ; the most important
archaeological periodicals and reports ; and the best
books in all languages on ancient art and ancient
life. Each month brings new requirements, however,
and many of the new works necessary for archaeologi-
cal study are very expensive. The proximity of the
British School is an advantage in this matter. For
some time to come the two schools will be glad not to
duplicate certain expensive works. The members of

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

the British School are welcomed to the library of
the American School, and students from America
enjoy like privileges in the library of the British
School.

From the first, the Managing Committee and the
Directors have recognized the necessity of a good
library for the use of the students. One of the great
advantages which the School affords for archaeological
study is the well-selected and well-arranged library,
easily accessible, in a comfortable room, that the stu-
dent shall be able to consult the leading authorities
on his subject without waste of time; that he may
" stand upon the shoulders " of those who have pre-
ceded him, and may not be obliged to re-thresh old
straw; that he may be able each day and evening to
read the views of scholars upon what he is about
to see, and may verify their statements with regard
to what he has just seen. While the country and its
living associations, the temples and other monuments,
and the museums, provide the chief material for the
work of the student at Athens, the library furnishes
a large part of his tools. The student must have at
hand the publications of important museums, in order
that the objects in them may be compared with what
is to be seen in Greece to-day. " Verification of refer-
ences " is one of a scholars first duties. More and
more important to our students will be the works
which illustrate the art and life of other nations, for

comparison of resemblances and differences.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Enough new material is continually brought from
the soil of Greece to stimulate the student to inde-
pendent research, and to keep him from relying too
implicitly on published authorities. Many old theories
have been overthrown by the excavations of the last
few years. Never have greater archaeological treasures
been gathered than in the last two decades. Missing
links have been supplied, not only for the history of
art, but for the political history of Greece ; and many
illustrations of public and private life have been
brought to light. No one need fear that the Ameri-
can student in Greece will be tempted to make an
exaggerated use of the School library.

During this year the Committee on Publications
has completed the work of carrying through the press
Volumes II., III., and IV. of the Papers of the School.

As has been stated in previous Reports, Volumes
II. and III. contain the account and the results of two
epigraphical journeys in Asia Minor of J. R. Sitlington
Sterrett, Ph.D., now Professor of Greek in the Uni-
versity of Texas. Vol. II. contains 398 inscriptions
(mostly Greek) found by Dr. Sterrett on an expedition,
undertaken at his own expense, in the summer of
1884. A Preliminary Report of this archaeological
journey was published by the School in 1885. Vol. III.
contains 651 inscriptions, found by Dr. Sterrett in the
summer of 1885, on a journey of which the expenses
were generously defrayed by Miss Catharine Lorillard
Wolfe, of whom this volume is a worthy memorial.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

To accompany these volumes, Professor Kiepert, of
Berlin, kindly prepared four beautifully executed
maps.

Dr. Sterrett has shown himself to possess unusual
qualifications as a scientific traveller and explorer, and
gives a concise and consecutive account of his jour-
neys. Only between the lines does the reader see
the story of the hardships which he endured and the
difficulties which he overcame. Few understand the
ingenious labor and difficulty of discovering and de-
ciphering these inscriptions ; fewer still understand
the learning and careful toil necessary to prepare them
properly for the press. Dr. Sterrett's work has been re-
ceived with words of high praise and satisfaction. One
of the highest living authorities on the subject, M.
Waddington, writes : " European scholars have hailed
with delight the entrance of America into the old
field of archaeological research, and will welcome such
additions to our knowledge of Asia Minor as are
contained in the account of the Wolfe Expedition."

The contents of Vol. IV. were enumerated in the
last Report of this Committee. The principal paper
of the volume — an essay of 170 pages by Professor
Allen on versification in Greek inscriptions — lays
the first substantial foundation for the discussion of
ancient prosody, and especially of the heroic metre of
Homer.

Professor Goodwin resigned his position as Chair-
man of the Committee on Publications in November,

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

1887, but continued to supervise the printing of the
volumes which were already in the printer's hands.
He has received the warmest thanks of the Com-
mittee for his unselfish performance of laborious and
responsible duties.

Professor Merriam, of Columbia College, was elected
by the Managing Committee to succeed Professor
Goodwin as Chairman of the Committee on Pub-
lications.

The Committee voted to make the " American Jour-
nal of Archaeology" an official organ in this country
of the School at Athens. Informal reports of the
work of the School will be sent to this Journal, and
the Director and the Chairman of the Committee
on Publications will send to it such papers as they
may think appropriate for publication there.

The new building on the slope of Mount Lycabettus
is at last occupied by the School. Circumstances over
which no one connected with the School had any
control delayed the completion of the work, and the
expense was somewhat greater than had been planned.
But the building is beautiful, and admirably fitted for
its purpose, and has been carefully and economically
erected. No one doubts that it is well worth all that
it has cost. An honored friend of the School, the
Hon. Martin Brimmer, writes from Athens : " The
School building is well placed, and does Professor
Ware great credit in its design and arrangement.
The library is really a charming room."

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

In addition to the gifts for the building which
were enumerated in the last Report, I take pleasure
in saying that Mr. William J. McPherson, of Boston,
has made and presented to the School, for the stair-
case, a window of leaded glass — mostly white, clear,
or with broken surfaces. It is very brilliant, and
adds much to the architectural effect, whether seen
from without or within.

Considerable work remains to be done about the
building, especially in grading the land. But most of
this is not imperatively necessary at once, and part of
it can best be done after the Greek authorities have
completed some improvements on the adjoining street.

The furniture, which was suited in quality and
quantity to the former home of the School in the
apartment on the'OSos 'A/xaXia?, seemed almost shabby
and entirely insufficient for the large and elegant new
building. Some of the rooms were furnished by the
proceeds of a course of Professor Lancianis lectures in
New York, in 1887. Some rooms are still but scantily
furnished, and others remain quite unfurnished.

The Committee has nothing new to report with
regard to the fund for the permanent endowment of
the School. Only a little more than one third of the
needed sum has been subscribed. But earnest and
able friends of the School have taken the matter in
hand, and strong confidence is felt that the fund will
be raised. It is needed at once, in order that the
School may have the services of a permanent Direc-

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

tor, to make secure the high position which has been
gained.

The history of the School up to this time has been
rather remarkable. Its most sanguine friends did not
anticipate that more could be achieved than has been
accomplished. For six years the advantages of the
School have been offered freely to American students.
Four volumes of Papers have been published, and
accepted by the world of scholars as valuable additions
to our sum of philological knowledge. An excellent
working library has been gathered, together with the
scientific and photographic instruments most needed
in exploration. The School has conducted excavations
at Thoricus, Sicyon, and Icaria, — at each place devel-
oping some interesting or important facts. A beauti-
ful, large, and commodious building has been erected,
on a charming site (part of a large reservation for pub-
lic grounds and buildings), immediately adjoining the
home of the British School on the one side, and the
large grounds of the Monastery of the Asomata on
the other, — so situated on high ground that the beau-
tiful view can never be cut off, and where the School
is assured pleasant and honorable company.

Much has been attained. But the position of the
School is in some respects more critical than before.
At first, the unavoidable deficiencies of temporary
organization were excused as natural at the outset of
such a work. But the School has now won a place by
the side of the other National Schools at Athens, and

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

is of necessity compared with them. If this compari-
son is to be sustained, continuity of work is necessary,
— a permanent Director is indispensable. Though
several of our students have remained in Athens for a
second year of study, as yet no Director has remained
for a second year of service. This has been due to
the necessities of the temporary organization, by which
the Director of the School has been chosen from the
instructors of the colleges united in its maintenance.
All have felt the disadvantages of this plan ; none
have appreciated its difficulties and defects so thor-
oughly as those who have themselves served as
Directors. The situation has grown more serious
each year. The time seems to have come when the
permanent Director is a necessity. We cannot look
forward to a long continuance of the present arrange-
ment. We must advance, or fail.

The members of the Managing Committee are
unanimous, however, and decided in the opinion that
the system of Annual Directors possesses many ad-
vantages. For the sake of the young men of America
who are to pursue their studies in Athens, as well as
to the end of keeping our colleges and the School in
close and vital connection, the Committee earnestly
hopes to continue the practice of sending from our
colleges each year an instructor, as Annual Director,
to co-operate with the Director in the conduct of the
School. Thus we may secure in part the advantage
which the German Institute at Athens enjoys from

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

the constant presence of two or more distinguished
scholars. The young men go to Athens from our
colleges with diverse tastes and plans. The work of
the two Directors can be complementary. Some of
the students of the School have desired to devote
themselves to the study of epigraphy; others to archi-
tecture, to topography, to sculpture, to the modern
lanomaofe of Greece. More have chosen to secure
the general advantages of an investigation of certain
matters in epigraphy, topography, and the rest, — not
forgetting the literature of the ancient Greeks, in
connection with the country, the climate,, and the
monuments.

We have been reminded often that the chief aim
of the School, for the present, is not the education
of trained specialists (although to accomplish this in
time is in our hopes and expectation), so much as
the animation of classical studies in America by the
vivifying study of the remains of ancient life in Greece,
and to bring home to our country as a living force the
artistic sense and culture of old Greece.

The work of the School at Athens was never more
successful and honorable than now. If its financial
support were assured, no cloud could be seen on its
horizon.

THOMAS D. SEYMOUR,

Chairman.

New Haven, Conn., Jan. I, 1889.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

To the Managing Committee of the American School of
Classical Studies at Athens : —

Gentlemen ; — I beg leave to report the work and
condition of the American School of Classical Studies
at Athens for the year 1886-87, during which the di-
rectorship of the School was intrusted to my hands.

I arrived at Athens on September 2 2d, 1886. The
School was then still occupying the house on the
'OSo? 'A/xaXtas in which it had been domiciled from
the beginning.

The library had been left in most excellent order
by my predecessor, Professor Allen. The amount of
five hundred dollars was appropriated by the Com-
mittee for the purchase of books. With this sum
one hundred and twenty-eight volumes were added
to the library, which, at the close of the year, num-
bered about fifteen hundred volumes, exclusive of
pamphlets. While this collection is as yet far from
being complete in any department, it is already an ex-
cellent working library, and has proved of incalculable
benefit to all the students of the School. Several gifts
of books were received from friends of the School,
the most valuable of which is the work of Furt-
waengler and Loeschcke on " Mykenische Vasen,"
presented by the German Imperial Archaeological
Institute. In the new building, the library will have

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

the advantage of being supplemented, to some extent,
by that of its neighbor, the British School, since there
exists a mutual, though informal, agreement that each
School shall be guided in the purchase at least of
costly works by the other's possession or lack, and
that reciprocal privileges in the use of the library
shall be enjoyed. American tourists were permitted
to use the library, subject to the restrictions made
by the Committee, and were thereby greatly aided
in forming plans of study, and in intelligent sight-
seeing.

Seven students enrolled themselves as regular mem-
bers of the School, two of whom, Messrs. Cushing and
Lewis, had been members also the preceding year, —
N. E. Crosby, A. M., Columbia College, 1885 ; Wil-
liam Lee Cushing, A. M., Yale University, 1882 ;
Joseph McKeen Lewis, A. B., Yale University, 1883;
William J. McMurtry, A. M., University of Michigan,
1882; William J. Seelye, A. M., Amherst College,
1882; S. B. P. Trowbridge, Ph. B., School of Mines,
Columbia College, 1886; Theodore L. Wright, A. M.,
Harvard University, 1884.

The School had the pleasure of extending its hospi-
tality to a number of tourists and temporary residents,
some of whom participated in its work and excursions.
Of these may be named especially: Dr. T. D. Goodell,
of the Hartford High School ; Mr. M. C. Gile, of
Phillips Academy at Andover; Mr. H. T. Hildreth,
a member of the School for 1885-86, who returned to

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Athens in order to continue his researches in the
history of the Demes of Attica; Miss Abby Leach,
Professor of Greek in Vassar College ; and Miss
Rosamund Venning, of England.

Nearly all who connected themselves with the
School had been engaged in teaching, or were pre-
paring themselves for this vocation. It is probable
that for many years to come the larger number of our
students will consist of this class, rather than of those
who expect to make profound researches in some
special department of archaeological studies and to be-
come original investigators. This consideration should
not lessen, but rather heighten, our estimate of the
benefits of such a school to classical learning in our
country. Greek literature and history will have a
new meaning, and Greek art a fresh beauty, to him
who has been so fortunate as to spend even a few
months amid the inspiring associations of Greece,
with the aids and direction afforded by our School at
Athens. The teacher that has enjoyed these advan-
tages cannot fail to make Greek one of the most in-
spiring and living of all studies. I, for one, cannot
doubt that this School is destined to give classical
studies in our country a new and more vigorous
life.

The character and aims of the student must to a
large extent determine the nature of the work of the
School. It is not desirable to compel its members to
pursue any exclusive course of study, if thereby there

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

is any danger of defeating the very purpose for which
most of them have come. At the same time it is de-
sirable to insist upon some definite aim which shall
concentrate and unify the student's work. It is also
of the first importance that a premium be placed upon
the work of original investigation, and that our School
should contribute something to the advancement of
archaeological explorations and discoveries. Accord-
ingly, the work of the School may be classified as
(i) General Study and Research; and (2) Original
Exploration.

The first regular session of the School was held
October 13th, at which plans of study were formed.
These plans embraced the following exercises: —

One afternoon each week during October and
November was devoted to the inspection and study
of the various ruins and monuments in and about
Athens. These archaeological excursions were subse-
quently supplemented by tours in the interior, among
which the following may be singled out as the most
instructive : —

The first excursion made by the School outside of
Athens was to the theatre at Thoricus, which had
been for the most part excavated under the direction
of Professor Allen. Thence a visit was paid to the
mines at Laurium and to the temple of Athena at
Sunium, — matchless for beauty of situation.

The next tour was made in December, on foot,
across Attica to Oropus. Here the Greek Archaeo-

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

logical Society was engaged in excavating the ruins
of the Amphiaraum and of the adjacent theatre and
Stoa. The distinguished and veteran architect and
explorer, Mr. F. C. Penrose, who was for that year the
director of the British School, made one of our party,
and added much to the profit and enjoyment of the
trip. We were made the guests of Mr. Leonardos,
who was in charge of the explorations. Mr. Seelye
became especially interested in these discoveries, and
is preparing a report upon them to present to the
Committee for their approval. Of great interest is
the little theatre exhumed here, showing in situ a
proscenium facade of pillars and architrave, and
forming by its shape and arrangement an important
contribution to the study of the antiquities of the
Greek stage.

From Oropus the party sailed down the Euripus to
Rhamnus, where we inspected the remains of the
temples of Nemesis, of the ancient walls of defence,
and of the theatre. Well-directed excavations at
Rhamnus would doubtless bring to light many other
interesting ruins.

Subsequently, through the kindness of Mr. Penrose
the members of our School were enabled to trace
the ruins of five successive temples built in honor
of Demeter at Eleusis, and intelligently to study other
remains connected with the celebration of the an-
cient mysteries.

Later in the season the School made an excur-

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

sion to Mycenae, Argos, Tiryns, and Epidaurus. At
Mycenae and Tiryns we were so fortunate as to have
for our cicerone Dr. Wilhelm Dorpfeld, the brilliant
architect of the German Archaeological Institute, and
now its competent chief. Epidaurus, with its mag-
nificent theatre, the cavea and seats of which are
almost intact, and with its ruins of temples and por-
ticos, of baths and the tholos or treasury, its half-con-
cealed foundations of unknown structures that are still
unexhumed, bring to mind most vividly the old Hel-
lenic life and its many points of contact with our own.
A suitable account of the recent discoveries made in
this mountain-locked valley would be extremely in-
teresting to all students of antiquities.

Pedestrian tours through Peloponnesus and to
Delphi and Thebes were made in April by several
members of the School, accompanied by other tourists,
and excursions to Aegina, Salamis, Phyle, Marathon,
and Vari were made at various times in the spring of
the year. The personal knowledge thus acquired of
the topography and historical monuments of Greece,
of the characteristics of the Greek climate and land-
scape, and of ancient Hellenic customs and manners,
as reflected and perpetuated in the life of the modern
Greeks, is an invaluable source of illustration to the
student of classical literature.

But all these excursions were only supplementary
to the more serious and regular work of the School.
From October to January, inclusive, weekly readings

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

from Pausanias were held, which led to many discus-
sions and suggested themes for further study. This
exercise was supplemented by the reading of Hicks's
"Manual of Historical Inscriptions" for about two
months. During three months, once each week,
evening readings were conducted, at which every
member of the School read and expounded a set
portion of the " Acharnians " of Aristophanes and
of the " Oedipus Coloneus " of Sophocles. These
readings were attended by the American Minister,
the Hon. Walker Fearn, and other friends of the
School.

Probably the most profitable exercise of the School
was the weekly session at which " Reports " were pre-
sented, under which term were embraced items of
archaeological news, reviews of new books, discussion
of topics suggested by reading or by new discoveries,
and brief papers on set themes. A few of the more
important topics thus presented may be named as
indicating the varied and interesting character of
the subjects that came under discussion : " The Lit-
erature of the Curves of the Parthenon ; " " Compari-
ison of Fick's and Christ's Theories of the Iliad;"
" The Representation in Sculpture of Personifica-
tion of Cities;" uThe Site of ' Hippios Colonos';"
" Some Modifications of the Doric possibly due to
the Influence of the Ionic Order of Architecture ; "
"An Inscription from the Asclepieum at Athens;"
" The Decorations of the Athena Parthenos of

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Phidias " Review of Wagnon on the Relation of
Egyptian and Greek Sculpture ; " " Account of the
Excavations of the Necropolis at Myrina ; " " Repre-
sentations of Childhood and Immature Forms in
Ancient Art/'

Towards the close of the school year three public
sessions were held, which were largely attended by
all American residents in Athens and by the mem-
bers of the British School. At the first session Mr.
McMurtry read a carefully prepared paper on the
present state of the question regarding the site of the
Pnyx, declaring himself in favor of the traditional
site as the original. It happened that at this very
time the Germans had been excavating in the space
south of the so-called Theseum and west of the
Areopagus, in the hope of discovering the site of the
ancient Agora, which Dr. Dorpfeld believed to be situ-
ated at this point. Nothing was found to support this
theory ; but the excavations revealed an unexpected
depth of alluvial soil and several strata of deposit,
with sherds, which could only have come into this
valley from the adjacent slope of the Pnyx hill, and
which, if superimposed upon the surface of that hill,
would give to its declivity the opposite slope from
that which it has at present, — that is, it would
cause it to incline toward instead of away from
the supposed Bema, after the manner of a theatre.
As the present slope of the Pnyx has been one of
the chief difficulties in the way of accepting this

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

spot as the original site, this result of the German
excavations seems to confirm the original tradition,
and virtually to settle this much-disputed question.
Mr. McMurtry's conclusions were, however, entirely
independent of this result of the German exploration.
At this session Mr. Joseph T. Clarke and Dr. Alfred
Emerson gave a brief account of their explorations
at Croton, Italy. Mr. W. L. Cushing presented at
the second session his Report on the Theatre at
Thoricus, which has since appeared in the fourth
volume of the Papers of the School, and the Director
gave a preliminary Report on the excavations recently
begun at Sicyon. The third public session was oc-
cupied with the reading of a paper on " The Appre-
ciation of Nature exhibited in the Greek Dramatic
Poets," by Mr. T. L. Wright.

The excavation of the theatre at Thoricus, begun
last year under the supervision of Professor Allen,
was resumed and completed, so far as was deemed
desirable, under the immediate charge of Mr. Cushing.
The foundations of a building which appears to have
been a small temple, and the complete outlines of the
cavea, were laid bare. No trace of any stage-structure
was found. The Committee generously placed at my
disposal the sum of four hundred dollars for new
explorations. After some consultation, and a prelimi-
nary survey in company with Mr. Kabbadias, the
General Superintendent of Antiquities, Dr. Dorpfeld,
and Mr. Penrose, excavations were begun in March

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

at Sicyon, — the home of one of the most flourishing
and earliest schools of Greek art, and the birthplace
of Lysippus. What especially turned my attention to
Sicyon, however, was the great theatre, the dim out-
line of whose immense cavea, with its half-hidden
arched passage-ways at either side, presented a tempt-
ing object for exploration. This undertaking received
a special interest from the thesis maintained by Dr.
Dorpfeld, that prior to the time of Lycurgus the
Greek theatre had no stage, and that the orchestra
was a complete circle. These excavations were under
the immediate charge of Mr. William J. McMurtry,
who is expected to present a complete report of the
discoveries made under his supervision. A brief state-
ment of the results must suffice here. The lowest
rows of the seats in the cavea were laid bare half of
the way around. These seats are similar in shape to
those found at Epidaurus, the lowest row having arms;
but they are of coarser material and workmanship.
A channel or watercourse was brought to light, en-
circling the orchestra, and covered or bridged over in
front of every transverse stairway of the cavea, pre-
cisely as in the Dionysiac Theatre at Athens. A
complicated foundation-structure of the stage was
discovered, the details of which can be understood
only from drawings. The proscenium seems to be of
later (Roman) origin ; but an earlier (Greek) construc-
tion can be plainly made out. Directly north of the
stage, the stylobate of what appears to have been a

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Stoa was found, at the western extremity of which were
exhumed the remains of a fountain with a small semi-
circular Exhedra of Roman workmanship. Fragments
of statuary, two inscriptions, bits of terra-cotta orna-
mentation, and of architectural members that probably
belonged to the stage edifice, make up the total that
was discovered last year.

It is manifest that the work of original exploration
must continue to occupy a prominent place in the
aims of our School. The influence of such work
upon its students, even when not themselves en-
gaged in it, is most inspiring. Only by undertaking
original explorations can the School hope to fulfil
its complete mission, which includes the study of
archaeology as a science, and the training of scho-
lars who shall give to our country a worthy name in
this department of research by the side of the most
enlightened nations of Europe.

The School could not possibly have enjoyed the
advantages with which it has been favored without
the cordial support constantly given by the Greek
Government and its officials. This interest has been
shown in so many ways that I cannot enumerate them
all. Every possible facility has been afforded the
members of the School for study and investigation
in free access to the museums, in liberty to copy or
reproduce any objects of special interest, in grants of
permission to excavate, in free use of the libraries of
the Senate and of the University, and in introductions

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

to officials in the interior, which greatly facilitated
travel and study.

Valuable also, as well as pleasant, were the cour-
tesies extended to the School by the Directors and
members of the other National Schools of Archaeol-
ogy planted at Athens. The use of the library of the
German Institute was freely given to us, and we were
always made welcome at the fortnightly sessions by
Professor Petersen, who was then Chief Secretary.
The School was kindly invited by Mr. Penrose to
attend a brief course of lectures on Athenian archi-
tecture, and to hear his views upon the recent dis-
coveries on the Acropolis. We have every reason to
expect that in the near future the members of the
British and of the American School may share fully,
in friendly rivalry, each other's special advantages, and
make themselves mutual debtors and creditors.

Among the many social courtesies extended to the
School, none were more generously bestowed than
those of Dr. and Mrs. Henry Schliemann, who have
always manifested the most lively interest in its pros-
perity. Nor should I forget to mention the numerous
kindnesses shown in many ways by Mr. and Mrs.
M. D. Kalopothakes, who, as near neighbors, were
constantly helpful in the sometimes perplexing details
of domestic economy and in the care of the Schools
effects.

The need of a permanent home for the School,
with suitable appointments, had been keenly felt ;

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

and it was a happy day when, on March 12,
1887, the corner-stone of our new building, on the
southern slope of Mount Lycabettus, was laid, with
simple but appropriate ceremonies. It is not necessary
in this connection to do more than refer to the munifi-
cent donation on the part of the Greek Government
of a plot of ground on which to erect our building.
.All who have visited this spot will indorse the state-
ment of Mr. Fearn, that it commands a " view of
unequalled loveliness, even in this land of beauty."
The occasion of the laying of the corner-stone was
honored by the presence of Mr. Dragoumis, Minister
of Foreign Affairs, who represented the Greek Gov-
ernment, and of Sir Horace .Rumbold, the British Am-
bassador, while our own Government was of course
represented by Mr. Fearn, the American Minister,
who on this, as on all occasions by which the welfare
of the School was to be promoted, has manifested the
most generous interest and has been of the greatest
service. All the American residents, the members
of the Greek Archaeological Society, the Rector of
the National University of Athens, the members of the
British School, the Secretaries and members of the
German Institute, besides many other Greek and
English friends, gave us the honor of their presence.
The first address was given most felicitously by Mr.
Fearn, to which Mr. Dragoumis responded in French.
The Director next set forth the aims and prospects of
the School. Words of congratulation followed from

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Walter Leaf, Esq., on behalf of the British School,
and from Professor Petersen, of the German Institute.

The erection of the building was placed under the
immediate supervision of Mr. S. B. P. Trowbridge,
of the School of Mines, Columbia College, who has
brought to his task technical skill and business tact,
and has given it his unwearying attention. Owing to
unforeseen delays and numerous hindrances, the build-
ing was but half completed by the first of June. It
promises to furnish not only a pleasant home to the
Director, but also delightful quarters to the students,
and a handsome room for the library.

A permanent home for the School naturally sug-
gests a permanent Director. The disadvantages of
an annually changing directorship are more keenly
felt at Athens in the daily conduct of the work of the
School, and in the proximity of the other National
Schools, than they possibly could be in this country,
where the limitations which this arrangement imposes
are not realized. But there ought to be no diffi-
culty in speedily securing the fund, already partly
raised, necessary for the endowment of a permanent
directorship. On the other hand, there are certain
advantages which come from the periodical change
in the directorship, and these are most readily appre-
ciated by the public of our own country. Prominent
amons: these is the increase of interest in the work
of the School that springs from the annual selection
of some scholar from the various colleges which

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

co-operate in its support. By this arrangement the
School remains in close contact with the centres of
classical study in our land, and is sure to exercise a
constantly growing influence. By the appointment
of an annual Director from these colleges this great
advantage will be retained, and by the joint labors
of the two Directors the complete aim of the School
in promoting the interests of classical learning in our
country cannot fail to become fully realized.

MARTIN L. D'OOGE,

Director for 1886-87.

To the Managing Committee of the American School of Clas-
sical Studies at Athens : —

Gentlemen, — I have the honor to submit the fol-
lowing Report of the work of the School at Athens
under my direction during the year 1887-88.

I arrived in Athens on October 2d, and, finding
that the School building would not be finished for
some months, I set about securing rooms for a tem-
porary library. Mr. Penrose, Director of the British
School, generously offered the use of its library
room ; but I was loath to impose upon this hospi-
tality for so long a period, and decided to settle
nearer the centre of the town, where we were all com-
pelled to live till the completion of the house. Two
rooms were secured in the large building known as

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

the Spiti Mela, on the corner of Aeolus and Sophocles
Streets, near the site of the old Acharnian Gate.
The books, which had been packed by Professor
D'Ooge and sent to the new building in progress
of erection, were here arranged and were found to
be in good condition. These rooms formed our
working home for four months. By that time the
library of the new building was so far completed that
I decided to move the books thither and deposit them
in their permanent place. Thenceforward this was
made the meeting-place of the School ; but it was
not until April that the building was ready for occu-
pation. Then much of the plastering was still damp,
and I deemed it safer not to expose my family to the
risk of this influence by moving thither myself. The
four students' rooms were dryer; these were furnished,
and were occupied for a short time.

The first work of the School as such was to
make a. peripatetic examination of the monuments
of Athens and the museums ; and then the regular
sessions in the library began, three evenings in the
week. The first of these evenings was devoted to
epigraphy. After some introductory lectures on the
subject, the inscriptions relating to the Parthenon,
the Artemis Brauronia, the Erechtheum, and the Pro-
pylaea were read, and then Dittenberger's " Sylloge H
was taken up in course, and a large part of it com-
pleted during the winter. Special attention was paid
to the determination of date by the characters of the

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

inscription, and our visits to the monuments were
habitually made an opportunity to test the canons
of the books and to observe how closely the chang-
ing style of art and literature was followed by the
changing style of letter, from the awkwardness of the
archaic to the chaste simplicity of the grand style,
the penchant for the florid in the Alexandrian period,
and the mixture in the Roman. The excavations
upon the Acropolis were continually bringing to
light new material, which was generously and freely
placed at our disposal by Ephor-General Kabbadias,
and proved of unusual interest, and a stimulus to
special study.

The second meeting in the week was given to
Reports embodying the results of investigations made
by members of the School in the various depart-
ments to which they were individually devoting
themselves. These formed, naturally, the most in-
teresting feature of our week's work. The variety of
the subjects treated may be seen from the following
list, which embodies the most important : —

"The Ionic Capital," "An Archaic Inscription from the
Acropolis," "Icaria," " Centaurs in Art and Literature," ." Bal-
loting, and Ballots in the Polytechnikon," " The Sphinx on
Coins," " Recently Discovered Inscriptions on the Acro-
polis," " Relations of the Freedman to Former Master in
Greece," " Some Peculiarities of Modern Greek," " Lycosura
and the Despoenae," " Recent Discoveries at the Amphia-
raum of Oropus," " Types of Apollo and Dionysus," " Exist-

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

ing Remains at Marathon," " Ostracism and the Xanthippus-
Potsherd in the Acropolis Museum," " The Measurement of
Statues," " Modern Greek Rhythm," " The Aristion Stele
compared with the Icarian," " Comparison of Prices Ancient
and Modern."

Our third evening was literary. In the selection
of the authors read, local features were kept mainly
in view, — the "Plutus" of Aristophanes for the Aes-
culapian temple, the " Oedipus Coloneus " of Sopho-
cles for Colonus, Xenophon's " Hellenica " for the
topography and history of Greece in general, "Lysias
against Eratosthenes " for Phyle and Peiraeus, the
" Persae " of Aeschylus for Salamis. Pausanias was
the constant companion of our travels, and was
read very largely by all the members of the School.
The study of art in its most consummate manifes-
tations, in the monuments, the sculpture, the vases,
the coins, — of which Athens possesses such perfect
exemplars in and out of its museums, — formed our
daily pursuit, as it must form that of every lover of the
beautiful who makes Athens his home. Art and litera-
ture supplement each other, each throws light upon
the other, and either divorced from the other gives
but an imperfect view of ancient life and develop-
ment. To feel and appreciate the literature in its full
beauty and significance, one must see the land and
study its art on the spot. Nowhere else can it
produce its proper impression. And this I feel to
be the great opportunity of our School.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

In the study of the monuments we were greatly
assisted by two lectures delivered by Mr. Penrose
before his departure, and during the winter by the
peripatetic lectures of Dr. Dorpfeld, Chief Secretary of
the German Institute, to which we were cordially in-
vited, and which were invaluable to us from the wide
experience and long acquaintance with the objects,
which this keen-sighted and accomplished scholar pos-
sesses. From Dr. Wolters also, the Second Secretary
of the German Institute, we learned much and re-
ceived many courtesies, as also from the Ephors
and other officers of the Greek Government.

All members of the School devoted much time to
modern Greek, and acquired considerable facility in
the spoken tongue. Professor Fleet and Mr. Ouinn
made this a specialty, the latter attending lectures reg-
ularly in the University; Mr. Buck devoted himself to
inscriptions, Mr. Earle to sculpture, Mr. Thatcher to
topography and Greek literature, Mr. Hussey to art
and inscriptions. Mr. Trowbridge, in addition to his
duties as architect of the School building, gave
material assistance in drawing plans of the theatre
• at Sicyon and of the excavations in Icaria, and in
taking photographs. He also prepared a paper,
which has been published in the "American Journal
of Archaeology," under the title of " Archaic Ionic
Capitals found on the Acropolis." Mr. Buck like-
wise prepared and published in the same Journal an
article entitled " Inscriptions found on the Acropo-

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

lis," in which some new light is thrown on the
vexed question of the freedman in Greece. Addi-
tional papers will be prepared by Mr. Buck on the
Excavations at Icaria; by Mr. Earle on those at
Sicyon; by Mr. Hussey, "Notes on Greek sculptured
Crowns and on Crown-Inscriptions ; " and one by
Mr. Quinn.

Of gentlemen less closely connected with the
School, but resident in Athens for some time, and
from whom we received much assistance and co-
operation in every way, may be mentioned Prof.
R. H. Mather, of Amherst College, Prof. Louis
Dyer, late of Harvard, and Rev. H. B. Carpenter, of
Boston. The library of the School is indebted to
the kindness of Mr. D. Bikelas for a set of his trans-
lations of Shakspeare into modern Greek, comprising
" Romeo and Juliet," " Othello," " King Lear," " Mac-
beth," " Hamlet," and the " Merchant of Venice."

The regular meetings of the School were sus-
pended about the middle of March, in order that
opportunity might be given for that practical study
of topography beyond the limits of Attica for which
long preparation had been made, and which is one
of the important features of the School year. The
chief points of interest in Attica itself having already
been visited, all the members of the School made
extensive tours through Peloponnesus and upper
Greece; some visited Egypt, and the Holy Land be-
sides; some the Greek islands; and some Constanti-

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

nople. The beautiful land of Greece thus seen in the
loveliest season of the year, with sky and air all
perfect, when fields, hill-sides, and dells are clad in
their profusion of brilliant flowers, where classic asso-
ciations throng about one at every step, and a constant
flood of light is clarifying his visions of the past, —
makes an epoch in one's life which will be an ever-
present source of delight, and of comparison and
illustration in his future studies.

On my leaving Greece, June ist, the building was
put in charge of the servant of the School. Mr. Earle
remained during a part of June, and Mr. Quinn still
longer.

Feeling that the work of the School is not complete
without an attempt to add something to the sum of
human knowledge by assisting to uncover the mon-
uments of the past which await the explorer, I
began early in the year to make preparations for
the employment of the sum of money appropriated
by the Committee for excavations. This resulted
in the excavations of the year being carried on at
two different sites. In the first place, at Sicyon in
the theatre, continuing the work of last year begun
by Professor D'Ooge. This work was resumed on
the 6th of December, and was continued some four
weeks, when it was interrupted by the severity
of the weather. The large mass of earth in the
orchestra and side entrances was cleared away, and
some upon the scene structure ; but no part of the

46 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

cavea was touched. The chief result of this was the
discovery, in the orchestra, of the head, and afterward

of the torso, of a naked
male figure of a pro-
nounced feminine
type. It belongs to a
good period of Greek
art, and possesses
such considerable
claims to beauty that
it has been brought to
the Central Museum
at Athens, together
with a female head
found in the posses-
sion of a peasant at
Sicyon. These two
objects are important
as forming the only
examples of sculpture
yet known to come
directly from that
famous centre of
Greek art. Mr. Earle,
who conducted these
excavations, discov-
ered several cemeter-
ies on the slopes of the height ; but most of the
graves seen had already been opened, and some

k£nyon cgx<
Statue from Sicyon.

(By the courtesy of C. Scribner's Sons.)

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

others yielded nothing of the best period. But little
time was devoted to this work ; not enough for a
systematic examination. In the neighboring village
of Moulki, Mr. Earle found an inscription of the fifth
century which is of interest in the little-known devel-
opment of the Sicyonian alphabet, though it consists
of proper names only.

The site of the Attic deme of Icaria, the birth-
place of Thespis and of the drama, has long been a
subject of controversy. It had been tossed about
from one side of Attica to another by travellers and
geographers till it had begun to approach that du-
bious condition which borders closely on the myth-
ical. Some of the vicissitudes through which it had
passed may be seen from the following summary:

When M. de la Guilletiere visited Athens in 1669,
as described in his"Athenes ancienne et nouvelle "
(1675), he mounted to the top of Lycabettus (which
he calls Pentelicus), and while looking off towards
Thebes and Megara, had his attention called by one of
his companions to a mountain at a league's distance,
which the ancients called Icaria. The distance and
the direction would correspond most nearly to the
Aegalian, or Corydallian, range, which bounds the
Athenian plain on the west.

Spon and Wheler (1675-76) do not attempt any
identification, although Spon gives a list of the
demes of Attica.

Fourmont travelled in Greece in 1728-30, and is
said to have found an inscription on the western foot-

48 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

hills of Hymettus, southeast of Athens, at a mon-
astery named Cara (Karies, Kareia). It was the epi-
taph of Diodorus, son of Theodorus the Icarian ; and
the similarity of the modern name was assumed to
fix the position of the deme of Icaria, although the
mountain above it could not well be taken to repre-
sent the Mons Icarius of Pliny (Montes Brilessus,
Aegialeus, Icarius, Hymettus, Lycabettus, — see Nat.
Hist., iv. 7, ii, 24), since it held the undisputed name
of Hymettus as early as the time of Guilletiere.

Lami gives a very bad map of Attica in his edition
of the complete works of J. Meursius (Florence, 1 741),
and puts down Icaria in the Parnes region, north-
west of Athens ; though Meursius himself in his Cat-
alogue of the Demes, 161 6, has nothing to say of its site.

Stuart, who was in Athens in 1751-54, follows
Fourmont. Chandler, 1766, Choiseul-Gouffier, 1776,
the French "Atlas de Russie," etc., 1785, Sibthorp,
1794, are silent.

During the first decade of our century Greece was
visited by Gell, 1801-6, Dodwell, 1 801-6, Leake,
1802-6, De Pouqueville, 1805, and Hobhouse, 1809;
but their works were published several years after their
visits, so that it is difficult to disentangle the chrono-
logical thread. Yet Hobhouse (" Journey through
Albania and other Provinces of Turkey," 181 2) places
Icaria near Marathon. Gell separates Icaria from
Mons Icarius, accepting Stuart's identification for the
former, and assigning the latter to the same range
as Guilletiere, — between the pass of Daphni, tra-

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

versed by the Sacred Way to Eleusis, and that of
Dema, which leads from the Acharnian district into
the northeast extremity of the Eleusinian plain, and
is now traversed by the railway.

Dodwell says that the situation of Mons Icarius is
unknown, but it has been supposed to be part of
Corydallus. As Statius says (Thebaid, xi. 644) that
Icarius was killed in the Marathonian forest, it is
probable that Mons Icarius was near Marathon, and
perhaps a subordinate hill of the eastern side of
Pentelicon, which runs from that plain.

De Pouqueville fixes Mons Icarius north of Daphni ;
Corydallus to the south of it.

Muller — article " Attika," Ersch and Grubers "En-
cyclopadie," vi. (1819) p. 224 — suggests that Icaria
lay near Oenoe and Melaenae, which are northwest
of the Thriasian plain.

Kruse, "Hellas," 1826, gives the name Icarius to
the western side of the range south of the pass of
Dema, and Corydallus to the eastern side, and leaves
Icaria at Cara by Hymettus.

Bockh (C. I.G., 1828, No. 646), in publishing Four-
mont's inscription, accepts Cara as Icaria.

Leake was the first to treat the matter with any
fulness, in his " Demes of Attica" (first edition, 1829,
published in the " Transactions " of the Royal Society
of Literature, ii. 194) : — ■

" The following, there is reason to think) were four demi of
the southern part of Diacria, not far from the Marathonian

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

district: Icaria, Semachus, Phegeus, Plothae [sic]. We are
told by Statins that Icarius, who gave name as well to the
demus as to the mountain upon which it stood, was slain in
the Marathonian forest.1 This forest still covers the moun-
tains Aforismo and Argah'ki. . . . Mount Argaliki, being the
most detached of the Brilessian summits, seems best to answer
to the mountain Icarius."

Argaliki bounds the southern side of the plain of
Marathon, and is separated from Aphorismo on the
west by a ravine through which several streams from
Pentelicus pass from the south and southwest into
the southwest corner of the Marathonian plain.
Upon one of these streams is situated the now ruined
village of Rapedosa, where Leake, in his second
edition of the " Demes," 1841, fixes Icaria. At some
earlier period he preferred Aphorismo for Mons Ica-
rius, as he distinctly says in his " Travels in Northern

1 Qualis Marathonide silva
Flebilis Erigona caesi prope funera patris
Questibus absumptis tristem jam solvere nodum
Ceperat et fortes ramos moritura ligabat.

(Thebaid, xi. 644.)

In support of this position, he might have added, Script. Myth. Lat.
Tres, ii. 61, " eum [Icarium] in Marathonide regionis monte interfece-
runt;" and Statius, Silvae, v. 3, 74: —

Nec enim Marathonia Virgo
Parcius exstinctum saevorum crimine agrestum
Fleverit Icarium ;

and Nonnus, Dionysiaca, xlvii., where the rejoicing of Nature at the com-
ing of Dionysus to Icarius is thus described : —

ano xdovLoio Koknov
avTO<pvrjs yXv/cepolo, nfTraivopevov roKerolo
Qorpvs eXaLTjcvros €<fioivix6r) Mapada>vo$.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Greece," ii. 429, when recounting his journey from
Athens to Marathon by way of Kephisia and Stamata,
Jan. 28, 1806. Ross (S. F. W. Hoffmann's translation
of Finlay's " Topography of Oropia and Diacria "),
at some time before 1842, objects to this on the
ground that the mountain is aptly named for its
duty of shutting in the plain of Marathon like a
great wall ; and as the word is foreign to the speech
of the day, it must be the ancient appellation. Ac-
cordingly, he would prefer some other mountain be-
tween Aphorismo and Pentelicus, which would be
Argaliki or its neighboring peaks to the south.

Preller, in the " Zeitschrift fiir die Alterthums-
wissenschaft," 1836, on the ground that Pliny follows
a certain system in naming his mountains, mention-
ing only those of the valley of the Cephisus, goes
back to the northeast side of the Thriasian plain by
Dema. With him coincides Grotefend, in Pauly's
" Encyclopadie."

Finlay, "Topography of Oropia and Diacria," 1838,
follows Leake's earlier view of Aphorismo. F, Aldcn-
hoven, " Itineraire descriptif de FAttique et du Pelo-
ponnese," 1841, assigns Mons Icarius to the range
north of Daphni, Icaria to western Hymettus. Kie-
pert's map of 1841 writes " Ikarion " on Argaliki, and
" Icaria ? " in the valley to the south.

Osann (" Ueber die erste Anpflanzung und Ver-
breitung des Weinstocks in Attika " in the " Verhand-
lungen der sechsten Versammlung der Schulm'anner

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

und Philologen," 1843) willingly adopts the site Cara,
because the Scholiast on " Germanici Aratea " places
the death of Erigone on Hymettus ; and this runs
with Osann's theory that Dionysus, or, in other words,
the vine, came into Attica from the island of Icaria
by way of Thoricus.

Next to Leake, the greatest influence has been ex-
erted by Ross, "Die Demen von Attika," 1846, p. 73.
Though formerly believing, with Leake, that Icaria
belonged to the Marathonian region, he is now con-
vinced that the name " Icarion " should be attributed
to the range which forms the boundary between
Attica and Megara, west of the Kerata, and Icaria to
the valley north of this, near Oenoe and Melaenae,
in the vicinity of the modern Kundura. His reasons
are these : In the passage of Statius cited by Leake,
Marathonian is no more than Attic, and has its off-
set in another passage from the same poet, " Thebaid "
xii. 619, where the theoxenian houses of Icarius and
Celeos are represented as neighbors and in proximity
to Melaenae. Besides this, the legends bring Dionysus
from Thebes into Attica by way of Eleutherae, on
the west, not the east, side of the country. But the
really decisive point (in his view) is that the invention
of comedy is assigned to the Megarian Susarion; and
the Parian Marble says "with a chorus of Icarians ; "
and Thespis also was an Icarian. Why this connec-
tion, why the first acceptance and development of
Megarian comedy in Icaria, if this deme was a long

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 53

days journey on the east side of Attica, and not
rather just beyond the Megarian frontier?

This convinced Kiepert, who deserted Leake, as
may be seen in his maps of 185 1 and 1872.

Hanriot, " Recherches sur la Topographie des
Demes de l'Attique," 1853, maintains that an excel-
lent wine district is indispensable for Icaria, and ac-
cordingly finds this at the present time northwest of
Rhamnus, by Kapandriti, and Mons Icarius in the
neighboring Zastani. .Dionysios Sourmeles, 'Attlkcl
rj irepl AijfjLcov 'Attlkt}^ i 855, is convinced that Icarion
is the range now called Kaniaron, south of Daphni.
Bursian, 1862, follows Ross; Curtius, "History of
Greece," 1867, Leake; Pape-Benseler's Lexicon, 1875,
Ross; as also Bouche-Leclercq, Atlas, 1883; but
" Nouveau Diet. geog. universelle," 1884, says "north
of Daphni." Bouche-Leclerq, 1888, takes a nip at
both bales of hay at once, writing " Icarion " with
Ross, " Icaria " with Leake.

Such was the condition of the question when Dr.
Milchhofer, on the 9th of May, 1887, in returning
from Marathon to Kephisia, took the unusual route
by the valley of Rapedosa, thus turning the range of
Aphorismo by the south and west. About two hours
from Vrana he came upon a ruined church, with walls
still standing to about the height of a man's head, in
which he found this inscription : Ke^tcrto? Tt/xap^[ou]
I 'i/ca/neu? I ev£6fJL€vo<; avkOrjKev | tw Alovvctco. For the
apse of the church the builders had utilized a semi-

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

circular choragic monument, the architrave of which
lay close by, bearing an inscription read by Chandler
(C. I. G., 237). These, together with the current name
of the place, " Dionyso," led Dr. Milchhofer to believe
that here was the resting-place for the vexed Icaria;
and he so announced in a letter to the " Berliner
philologische Wochenschrift," June 18, 1887.

The earliest mention, so far as I know, in our au-
thorities of the name " Dionyso," applied to this re-
gion, is by Stuart,1 where he is giving a list of modern,
corresponding to ancient, names. He says, "AIONT2
(modern), AIONTXIA (ancient). Between Stamata
and Cephisia. A metochi of Cyriani, on the foot of
Pentelicus near Stamata." About a mile and a half
northwest of the church described by Milchhofer are
the remains of a large building, which from its posi-
tion would answer most nearly to the description of
Stuart, and which I was told had been the " Monas-
tery of Dionyso."

Chandler thus describes his visit to the church itself
on the 5th of May, 1766, while on his way from Athens
by Kephisia to Marathon : 2 —

"We dismounted about sunset at a place almost deserted,
called Stamati ; and after supper lay down to sleep beneath a
spreading vine before the cottage of an Albanian. Early in
the morning I proceeded, with a guide, to examine an inscrip-
tion of which a peasant had given me information ; quitting
the straight road to Marathon, between which place and
Athens was once a town named Pallene. We soon entered
1 Antiquities, iii. 37. 2 Travels in Greece, p. 160.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

between two mountains, — Pentele ranging on our right ; and
on the left, one of Diacria, the region extending across from
Mount Parnes to Brauron. Tarrying to water our horses near
some houses [which have now disappeared], I was presented
by an Albanian with a handful of white roses fresh gathered.
We penetrated into a lonely recess, and came to a small
ruined church of St. Dionysius, standing on the marble heap
of a trophy, or monument, erected for some victory obtained
by three persons named ^Enias, Xanthippus, and Xanthides.
The inscription is on a long stone lying near. The two moun-
tains are divided by a wide and deep watercourse, the bed of a
river or torrent anciently named Erasinus. The track is on
the margin, rugged and narrow, shaded with oleander, flower-
ing shrubs, and evergreens. A tree had fallen across, but we
passed under it, and entered the plain of Marathon at the
corner next to Athens."

It will be observed that the church is called " St.
Dionysius " by Chandler, and is set down as such on
Finlay's map ("Topography of Oropia and Diacria"),
taken from the French surveys.1 Hanriot, however
(" Des Demes "), writes it " Dionysos." F. Lenormant,
in his " Recherches archeologiques a Eleusis " (1862),
p. 243, while agreeing with Leake as to the site of
Icaria, has a remark which came close to an antici-
pation of the real site : —

" In a small ravine, descending from the very peak of
Pentelicus, and joining, a little below Rapendosa, the valley
which separates Argaliki from the agglomeration to which the
name of Brilessos or Pentelicus properly belongs, — a ravine

1 It is this map, somewhat reduced, that has been reproduced (p. 125)
for this Report, as the best available at present for the northeastern part
of Attica.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

which one traverses in going from Rapendosa to Stamata, —
one meets with the ruins of a small monastery of the Middle
Ages, to which the peasants of the mountain give still to-day
the name Dionyso. This monastery, which has been men-
tioned by none of the learned who have treated of the geo-
graphy of Attica, is indicated only upon the beautiful map of
the French Etat Major. The name which it has preserved
to the present time is undoubtedly en rapport with ancient
traditions, which accorded a visit of Dionysos to this
district."

The discovery made by Dr. Milchhofer raised a
strong presumption in favor of his identification of
the site ; but the proof was not complete. Professor
Ernst Curtius informed me while I was in Berlin,
early in July, 1887, on my way to Athens, of the
discovery, and expressed a wish that we should under-
take excavations at Dionyso, and settle the question
definitively if possible. Soon after reaching Athens I
visited Dionyso and decided to undertake the work.

The route from Athens is forty-five minutes by rail
to Kephisia, where the railway now ends From this
beautiful village, near the western extremity of Pente-
Hcus, runs a tolerable carriage-road to Dionyso, which
is reached after a drive of about an hour and a
half to an hour and three quarters. The latter is
the usual time in walking. You pass the stately
plane-tree in the square of the village, and in five
minutes are beyond the houses, and no others are
found by the way till you reach Dionyso. Ten mi-
nutes from the square you are beyond the limit of

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

the olive-groves, and keep a northeasterly direction,
through fields covered with lentiscs, arbutus, and other
wild shrubs, nearing the northern base of Pentelicus.
At the end of a half-hour you are turning nearly to
the east, and by the time an hour has passed in walk-
ing you have mounted a considerable hill, — one of
the northern offshoots of Pentelicus. From this point
you look back across the Acharnian plain, through the
pass of Dema, and in the afternoon you see the glit-
ter of the sun's rays on the Bay of Eleusis, behind
which rise the Kerata and the fine terraces of moun-
tains beyond. Directly to the west and northwest rises
Parnes, below which is Decelea and the adjacent
towers of Tatoi, the royal summer residence. To the
north and northeast the intervening valley rises grad-
ually into the hills that shut in the coast toward
Euboea, beyond which uplifts the truncated pyramid
of Delph (Dirphys), covered even in October with
its brilliant mantle of snow, which in midwinter it
stretches out, to embrace its fellows to the southeast
in a long, continuous sweep of Alpine beauty and
grandeur, — a sight that makes one forget all wear-
iness of body in the exaltation of the moment.
Toward the east a quicker rise ends speedily in
the mountains that shut in the plain of Marathon.
On the south, Pentelicus is close at hand, but not
imposing.

Descending to the east, in ten minutes you have
passed beyond the eastern line of Pentelicus, and a

58 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

valley — not seen on many of our maps, nor men-
tioned by many travellers — has opened before you,
a half mile to a mile in width, gradually sloping up
toward the southeast. Pentelicus is on your right,
its highest peak just before you up the valley, and
the chain of Aphorismo is on the left. Up this val-
ley we proceed, now observing by the way several
fields devoted to tillage, but on every side seeing
evidences of the most careful and elaborate system of
terracing (not modern), such as Leake noticed on the
northern slope of Argaliki, so that every foot of soil
should be made available for tillage. The old terrace
walls are now largely overthrown and scattered, but
are usually marked by a wide line of scraggy shrubs,
which the modern plough avoids. This system of
terracing extends through the entire valley and up
the mountain sides wherever a foothold could be got
with advantage. As you turn into the valley, you
cross a stratum of Pentelic marble, which the rains
have swept clean of soil and exposed in its white-
ness to the sun. As you proceed you notice the
road strewn with nuggets of Pentelic marble and
quartz, whose richness and brilliancy tempt you con-
tinually to stoop and examine, and fill your pockets
with the treasures, to be carefully bestowed in your
cabinet on your return. You tread on Pentelic mar-
ble ; the terrace-walls are built of Pentelic marble ;
every gully displays a mine of Pentelic marble; and
as you lift your eyes midway up the height of Pen-

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

telicus, its fresh quarries dazzle them with their
flaming whiteness.

Fifteen minutes, and you enter a grove of pines
lining the roadway for the remainder of the journey.
Black pines they are, not graceful in form at best,
and ugly gashes and long cuts mar them still more;
but they are doing their duty like good Greeks, —
supplying the pitch for the resinated wines. As you
walk under their shade you are greeted by their de-
licious odor, and overhead the soft breeze whispers
through them a true Theocritean song. The rich
cones hanging within your reach tempt you to turn
your staff into a thyrsus, and something of the baccha-
nalian spirit stirs in your blood ; for are you not fol-
lowing in the very footsteps of the god ? In February
myriads of crocuses, lavender and yellow, line your
path, sometimes peeping up through the light snow,
seemingly all the brighter for the contact. Later,
anemones in still greater profusion usurp their place.
You hear the melodious tinkling of bells, and soon
see the swarthy goats straggling through the shrubs,
and often standing on tiptoe to reach the topmost
leaves of the arbute. Their herdsman stands by, lean-
ing gracefully on his crook, and gives you his cordial
Kalemeras as you pass.

Fifteen minutes through these pines, penetrating
Chandler's " lonely recess," near which you pass the
solid walls of an old family burial-place, with evidences
of substantial graves, — rifled before you had a chance

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

to open them, — suddenly you emerge into the open
day, and find yourself no longer ascending, or tra-
versing a level. You have passed the watershed. A
few steps bring you to two large circular threshing-
floors paved with stone, and you see before you a
long, low building, and at a short distance to the
right of it a hill running south toward the moun-
tains. At its foot stood the church.1 Below this, the
ground descends in terraces for a few hundred feet,
and then suddenly pitches into a deep ravine finely
wooded. Over this, straight in front, the eye leaps
across several low ridges, then between two peaks, and
the waters of the Euboean Strait greet you, with the
mountains of Euboea beyond, deeply snow-clad in
February. Mount the hill to the right a few steps,
and you look down through the gorge which leads out
from the vale of Rapedosa to Vrana and the Mara-
thonian plain, — a long stretch of which is visible, with
a glimpse of the sea beyond; but not the Mound nor
the sickle shore, which are cut off by Argaliki. As-
cend the mountain to the left, and in half an hour
you have all the southern plain of Marathon under
your eye.

Since leaving Kephisia you have not, in ordinary
weather, seen a drop of running water. But just to
the left of the long building is a small dell through
which flows a perennial stream of excellent water,
bordered on either hand by a large number of the

1 See Plate II.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 6 1

most picturesque plane-trees. The reason why this
spot should be an important centre in the vigorous
days of old is not far to seek : with the rich valley
behind it, Pentelicus rising to its highest on the south,
and sweeping round in varied outline toward the east
and north as it approaches the sea, till it ends in the
pyramid of Argaliki at the plain of Marathon ; with
the chain of Aphorismo mounting quickly above it
to the north, and with its bountiful rivulets beside it
and below it in the beautiful and romantic ravines,
— the scenery is in harmony with the twofold side
of the worship of Dionysus, the gay and joyous,
the sad and mournful, and aptly fitted to inspire a
Susaricn and a Thespis to further advances on the
trodden path.

Though this region is some twelve hundred feet
above the level of the sea, and at present no attempt is
made toward the culture of the vine (for there is but lit-
tle cultivation in the whole valley), the painstaking ter-
racing seems to point to its prevalence there in better
days. The introduction of the vine into Greece has
been a fruitful subject of discussion and controversy.
Dionysus has so many characteristics in common
with the Vedic Soma that they have often been re-
garded as the same deity. But the early use of wine
in India cannot be proved, and the word is European.1
Whatever may have been the natural home of the vine,
it has been generally assumed that it found its way

1 O. Schrader, Sprachvergleichung und Urgeschichte, 1883.

62 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

into Greece through the agency of the Thracians, with
their Phrygian affinities, and many maintain that it was
brought into Attica from Boeotia. The introduction
of Dionysus Eleuthereus, whose priest sat in state in
the central seat of the Dionysiac theatre at i\thens, is
distinctly referred by tradition to a Boeotian origin,1
and connected with tempering of wine with water, or
with phallic worship (Alovvctos 6p66s). According to
Pausanias and Philochorus, it was in the reign of Am-
phictyon, the third, or fourth, king of Athens that
this event -took place ; but Welcker, A. Mommsen,
Lenormant, Bergk, transfer it to the period of Pi-
sistratus, who established the greater Dionysia and
introduced such reforms in the worship of the god
as should give it a civil and political character and
bring it into relation with the cult in Thebes and
Naxos. But the earliest advent of the god in Attica,
and the only one about which a myth was woven
of the type characteristic of the coming of Dionysus
elsewhere, is his visit to Icarius. It is true that
Apollodorus says that this happened in the reign of
Pandion, the second, or fifth, king after Amphictyon.
But Pausanias acknowledges that it is earlier than
Amphictyon and its Eleutherean rival, and the story
bears this out. Another account brings Dionysus
into Attica in the time of Amphictyon, when he is
entertained by Semachus, to whose daughter he pre-

1 Pausanias, i. 2, 5 ; 20, 2 ; 38, 8; Philochorus, ap. Athenaeus, 38 c;
179 e.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

sents the nebris (Eusebius, Chronica, 30); or he was
entertained by the daughters of Semachus, from
whom were descended his priestesses.1 Here we have
no allusion to wine, but only to the establishment of
Bacchic rites. Semachus is the eponymous hero of
the deme of the Semachidae, belonging, according
to Philochorus in Steph. Byz., to Epacria, and usually
placed at Stamata. Leake relied upon the similarity
of this legend to that of Icarius as partial proof that
Icaria lay in its vicinity. Pliny (Nat. Hist., vii. 59)
attributes to Eumolpus the introduction of the cultiva-
tion of the vine and trees. This may be based on a
local Eleusinian legend. The authorities which speak
of the direction from which Dionysus comes to Icarius
are the Scholiast of Aristoph. Eq. 697, — who says that
he was fleeing from Pentheus, — and Aristides2 and
his Scholiast, who refer to his coming from Thebes.3
On the other hand, the close connection of Epacria
with the Ionian Tetrapolis of Marathon might lead
us, in accordance with the theory of Curtius, to look
eastward, as Osann, Maury, Lenormant have done, to
the island of Icaria. Curtius has well said that many
different peoples and notable families settled early
in Attica, bringing with them their special cults, and
maintaining them for centuries as a sacred heir-
loom. Among these, from whatever quarter derived,
was the Dionysiac worship in the Icarian gens, to

1 Steph. Byz., s. v. Semachidae. 2 Symmachus, i. 485, 14.

3 Cf. Nonnus, Dionysiaca, xlvi., xlvii.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

which the origin of the rural Dionysia is universally
attributed.

Apollodorus (iii. 14, 7) and Eratosthenes (Eri-
gone) are our oldest direct witnesses to the Icarian
story. Apollodorus did not borrow from Eratos-
thenes, because he uses in his " Bibliotheca " wholly
other sources than Alexandrian, going back very often
to Pherecydes. But the story itself finds its origin
in a remote period, as is shown by the nature of the
festival and the ceremonies connected with it. The
woes of Erigone were made a frequent subject of
tragedy. We have an " Erigone " cited among the
dramas of Phrynichus (Schol. Vespae, 1481), of Philo-
cles, of Cleophon (Suidas s. v.) ; and two fragments
of a play of Sophocles of that name have been
transmitted to us. The last is generally claimed to
have for its heroine the daughter of Aegisthus and
Clytaemnestra. This may be true, but it confessedly
rests upon conjecture only. To these may be added
the conjecture of Geel's (De Telepho Euripideo, p. 12),
that the tragic Nicomachus treated the Icarian story ;
and that of Meineke (Analecta Alexandrina, p. 273),
that this was done also by Parthenius in his " Hera-
cles." The Latin poet Attius wrote an " Erigone,"
and Quintus Cicero tried his hand at one.1 The
" Erigone " of Eratosthenes was in elegiac verse, fol-
lowing the same argument as given us by Apollodorus,

and especially dwelling on the astronomical features.
»

1 Cicero, Ep. ad Quintum, iii. 6 ; iii. 9.

SEVENTH ANNUAL RETORT.

Among comedies we have mention of one by Timo-
cles entitled " Demosatyri," which is probably the same
as the " Icarii " or " Satyri," of whose argument we
know nothing.

The story of Icarius, told with some variations, is
substantially this : The heroic type of the Athenian
farmer, devoted to his trees and crops and to his only
daughter Erigone, Icarius is visited by Dionysus, who
presents him with a cantharus of wine and a shoot of
the vine, and teaches him its cultivation and the secrets
of wine-making. The vine is carefully tended and
reared; but a he-goat breaks into the enclosure and
injures it, with characteristic voracity. Icarius in anger
slays the goat, offers him in sacrifice to the god, blows
up the skin, oils it, and gives it to his companions to
dance about, thus originating the sport of askoliasmos,
— a usual accompaniment of the Dionysiac festival.
The divine gift is not destroyed by the goat;1 but
Icarius is soon enabled to follow the injunctions of
the god to travel about the country with a wagon
loaded with wine-skins, proclaiming the joys of the
vine, with practical applications, and without water.
Some countrymen drank themselves into a stupor ;
and their companions, thinking them poisoned, set
upon Icarius and slew him. Reason returning with
the daylight, they buried his body. The dog Maera,

1 Ktjv /if (pdyrjs enl pl£av, opus en Kap7ro(pnp^a(o
ocrcrov e7ria7ret(rai aui, rpaye, Bvofxeva.

Euenus, AnthoL, ix. 75.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

that Erigone had tenderly reared, having accom-
panied Icarius on his mission, now returned home ;
and attracting the attention of its mistress by its
howlings and by pulling at her dress, led her to the
spot, and the deed was disclosed. Erigone in her
grief hangs herself upon a tree above her father's
grave, and the dog dies at her feet. The Athenian
maidens were thereupon seized by an epidemic of
suicide by hanging; and the Pythian oracle an-
nounced to the people that Icarius and Erigone
must be propitiated by an annual offering, in the
autumn, of the firstlings of the crop, and by the fes-
tival of Oscillation (aicopaL, oscilla), accompanied by a
mournful song, like the Linos (called " Aletis "), the
burden of which was perhaps something like that of
Erigone's lament in Nonnus, xlvii. 193 : " Ye dear
hills, tell me where is the body of Icarius ? " At the
prayer of Dionysus, Zeus immortalized the tragedy
to men by setting the victims on high as bright con-
stellations. Icarius with his wagon becomes Bootes
with his Wain ; Erigone, the Virgin ; Maera, the
Dog Star ; and the Cantharus of Dionysus appears
close at hand as the Crater.

We do not know if this astronomical feature is
earlier than Eratosthenes, but it has given rise to easy
explanations. Erigone ('HpL-yovrj) is the grape-vine,
born of spring-time, and swinging with those grace-
ful festoons in summer which never fail to charm the
eye in Southern Italy, dying, to all appearance, in the

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

autumn. The bright star e, near the right wrist of
Virgo, was called provindemiator (npoTpvyrjTijp, Aratus,
Phaenomena, 138), as rising shortly before the vintage.
Icarius is Bootes, as vindemiator (TpvyrjT-qs, Schol.
A rat. Phaen., 91). The Dog Star rules the hottest
season of summer, when the grape is ripening, —
that child of the sun, as Goethe called it, and as the
old artist conceived it who wrought that fine head
of the sun-god now in the Isis room of the Louvre,
intertwining grape-bunches in his locks on either side
of his throat, and setting vines and bunches below and
on the side of the frame.

In art we seem to have the gift of the wine and
cup by Dionysus to Icarius represented on a black-
figured vase of early style in the Munich Museum.1
Dionysus, vine-crowned, with pointed beard, stands
on the left, holding out a large cantharus in his
right hand toward a man facing him, who extends
his right hand with a welcoming gesture, and his
left toward a long-horned goat that stands between
them. On each side are two men in attitude of won-
derment. Other cases, with varying details, are men-
tioned by Birch.2 The relief on the proscenium of
the Dionysiac theatre at Athens presents two scenes
from the story of Dionysus, — one his birth from the
thigh of Zeus, the other a sacrifice offered to him by
Icarius and Erigone. In the latter the god stands on

1 Micali, Monumenti inediti, tav. 44, I.

2 History of Pottery, p. 239.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

the right of the altar, clad in a short garment, over
which is cast an animals skin, and he is shod with
the cothurnus. His right hand is extended, above
an altar, to Icarius on the opposite side, who bears
a bunch of grapes in his left hand and drags a goat
with his right. Behind him is Erigone bringing a
dish of sacrificial fruit. Maera crouches in the back-
ground near the altar, above which runs a grape-vine
with clusters. A satyr accompanies the god. This
relief belongs to the first years of the Roman Empire,
if not earlier.

The relief — of which many replicas exist, notably
in the Naples Museum, the Louvre, and the British
Museum — which represents the bearded " Sardana-
palus " Bacchus, with his drunken train welcomed by
a man and a woman on a couch behind which are
hangings, with buildings and other accessories, has
long gone by the name of " Bacchus received by
Icarius," — an attribution supported by Jahn, Visconti,
Combe, Hiibner, and others. This has been recently
called in question ( Archaologische Zeitung, 1881);
and the whole subject needs fuller treatment than
it has yet had.

The story of Icarius and Erigone has reached us
in pretty full detail in the following sources: Apollo-
dorus, Bibliotheca, iii. 14, 7; Scholia Homer, Iliad,
xxii. 29 ; Nonnus, Dionysiaca, xlvii. 1-264 J Servius
ad Virgilii Georgica, ii. 389; Hyginus, Fabulae, 130,
Astronomia, ii. 4 ; Scriptores Rerum Mythicarum

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Latini Tres (Bode, 1834), i. 19, ii. 61, iii. 15, 6;
Commentaria in Aratea Phaenomena Germanici
Caesaris, 332.

It is given succinctly or alluded to in these: Lucian,
Dialogi Deorum, 18, 2, Concilium Deorum, 5, de
Saltatione, 39; Scholia Lucian Dialogi Deorum, 18,
2 ; Pausanias, i. 2, 7 ; Plutarch, Collecta Parallela, 9 ;
Aelian, Historia Animalium, vii. 28, vi. 25 ; Athenaeus,
618 e; Achilles Tatius, ii. 2; Aristides, Symmachi-
cus, A. p. 485, and Scholia; Philostratus, Epistolae,
39 ; Gregorius Nazianzenus, Orationes, iii. p. 100 c,
and Scholia ; Libanius, Progymnasmata, iv. Vitis vitu-
perandis ; Scholia Aristophanes, Equites, 697; Scholia
Euripides, Phoenissae, 227; Scholia Homer, Odyssey,

v. 272; Tzetzes, Chiliades, iv. 157; Stephanus Byzan-
tinus, 'Ifca/na ; Hesychius, Aiajpa, 'AX^ris ; Etymologi-
cum Magnum, 'AAtJtis; Eustathius ad Homerum, 389,
1535; Scholia Homer, Iliad, xviii. 483 ; Nonnus, Dio-
nysiaca, i. 32, 254, xxvii. 283; Himerius, Eclogae,
32, 4; Maximus Tyrius, 29, 5.

Virgil, Georgica, i. 33; ii. 389; Servius ad Virgilii
Georgica, i. 33, 67, 218 ; Tibullus, iv. 1, 10; Propertius,

ii. 33, 24, 29; Ovid, Amores, ii. 16, 4, Metamorphoses,

vi. 125, x. 450, Ibis, 609, and Scholia, Fasti, iv.
939; Germanici Aratea Phaenomena, 90; Hyginus,
Fabulae, 224, 243, 254, Astronomia, ii. 25, 35, 40;
Statius, Thebaid, iv. 692, 777, xi. 644, xii. 618, Silvae,

iii. 1, 147, iv. 4, 13, v. 3, 74.

The worship of Dionysus had its accompaniment

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

of procession, dance, <song, and different mummeries,
with disguisements of the person and face in various
ways, and must have had in the deme of Icaria a
congenial home, with men ready to perform the patrial
rites transmitted to them, and capable of introducing
new elements, with all the quickness and genius for
acting which is native to the Greek. Their rural
festival, held about the time of the winter solstice,
came to be known beyond the limits of Attica as an
occasion where acting was appreciated. As the Greek
athlete would travel wherever a festival offered him
opportunity for the display of his skill and prowess,
so we may imagine Susarion attracted from Tripodis-
cus in Megara, — that long day's journey which Ross
felt such a barrier to the eastern position of Icaria,
— that he might display to a welcoming audience
the advances which Megarian wit had made toward
comedy. This is said by the Parian marble (C. I. G.,
2374) to have occurred about the beginning of the
second quarter of the sixth century. The passage,
according to Bergk, Griechische Literaturgesch., iv.
43, is this: d(f) ov kv d/x[af]ai9 Kto/xto[Sia] r)[yp~\£6r),
\_o-Trj~\(jdv\rojv X°pov~\ T***v '^f<apLeajv, evpovros Sovcapico-
vos Kcu ad\ov ireOrj irpcoTOv la)(dho)\_v\ dpami)(o\jf\ kol
olvov [kciSos], e\_rr) . . .] We may add other testimony
as to Susarion : irepl KcofjicoSias v. 2, Kai yap ol iv ttj

'AtTLKTJ TTpWTQV (TVCrTrjCTaiXeVOL TO ilTLTljSeVlxa TtJs KCOfUp-

Sms (rjcrav $e ol ire pi Hovorapicava) Kai tol Trp6o~coTra elcrrj-
yov ara/cro)? Kai [jlqvos r\v ye\o)$ to KaTacrKeva^ofJLevov.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Scholia Dionysius Thrax: irpuyrov /lev ovv ^ovcrapicov
ris ttJ? ififxerpov KcofuphCas ap^qyo^ eyiveTo. Diomedes,
iii. 9: Poetae primi comici fuerunt Susarion, Mullus,
Maenes. Clemens Alexandrinus even makes Susarion
an Icarian (Stromata, i. 16, p. 308): kol rpaycohiav fxev
Se<nn<; 6 'Adrjvcuos, KcofxcoStau Be iLovcraploiv 6 'i/capteug.

The impulse given by Susarion seems to have
quickened the soul of Thespis to further progress in
the different line of tragedy. The sad story of the
father of his gens, the rites attendant upon the festival,
the dithyrambic choruses in vogue, predisposed him to
this end, and gave him a nucleus to which he added the
actor, the prologue, and speeches between the choral
songs, and he employed different masks to enable
him to take the part of several persons consecutively
in the same play. This proved him the Columbus of
a new world, — a mimic world, but one calculated to
excite the interest, as it is said to have engaged the
hostility, of the great law-giver. It must have been
a few years only after Susarion's advent in Icaria
that, as Plutarch tells us (Solon, 29), the novelty of
the invention was attracting many, and Solon in
his old age, being fond of amusement and music,
also went to see Thespis acting his own play. It is a
legitimate inference from the language of Plutarch that
the play was produced at some distance from Athens,
— in other words, in Icaria; for we can hardly imagine
Solon, a true Greek, to have remained away from a
festival of importance, with novel features, celebrated

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

close at his own door. Later than this event fell his
censure of Pisistratus for the latter's bad acting in the
game which he played in winning his first tyranny.
Later still, and probably in the third tyranny of
Pisistratus, and no doubt through the influence of
Pisistratus himself, at the establishment of the Great
Dionysia, if not before at the Lenaea, the invention of
Thespis was introduced into the city, though we may
assume that the representations were still maintained
at the country Dionysia in Icaria. The first contest
and victory of Thespis is assigned to the year 536 by
Suidas and the Parian Marble.1 This must belong to
the city festival. Suidas cites the titles of four plays
of Thespis, which Bergk remarks2 were probably the
pieces with which he contended after the establish-
ment of the Agon. They are, " Athla of Pelias," or
" Phorbas," the " Priests," the " Youths," " Pentheus."
Sophocles wrote against the choruses of Thespis
(Suidas, s. v. Sophocles), and the dances of Thespis
were still the favorites of old men in the time of
Aristophanes (Vespae, 1479).

The evidence which connects the invention of
tragedy with Icaria is various. Athenaeus says (40 b\
" From indulgence in wine came the invention of trag-
edy and comedy in the Attic Icaria " (euro fxeOrjs kcu 77
tt]5 /ccu/xojSta? Kal f) rrjs TpaywSias evpecns iv 'l/capta*

1 d(j) ov Seams 6 TroirjTrjs [eVi'/ca] TvpwTos, 6s idlda^ev
aX[Xou]r riv[as, Kal €]re6r] 6 [r^pdyos [ad\ov ^]opou.

2 Griechische Literaturgesch., iii. 259.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

ty)s 'Atti/o??). Suidas says : " Thespis of Icaria, a city
of Attica, some call the first tragic poet." " In Icaria
they first danced about the goat" (Eratosthenes, Frag.).
" In Icaria of Attica they first slew the goat because
it stripped the vine " (Porphyry, de Abstinentia, ii. 8).
The epigram of Dioscorides (Anthologia, vii. 410) has
the caption : " To Thespis, the inventor of tragedy,
who first formed the chorus and arranged all the
scene in archaic fashion. Changes were introduced
by Aeschylus and others." The epigram runs, " This
is Thespis, who was the first to fashion tragic poesy,
breaking a new path of fresh delight for his fellow-
villagers, when for the trittys Bacchus led down the
chorus, for which the goat was the prize, and the
basket of Attic figs. Many changes will come; myriad
time will invent many other things ; but what is mine
is mine." Dioscorides is also the author of another
epigram to Thespis (Anthol., vii. 41 1) : "This is the
invention of Thespis ; but the sports of the wild wood
and these revels, still quite humble, Aeschylus exalted,"
etc. Both these distinctly mark the country origin
and the inventor. Cf. Horace, Ars Poetica, 275:

" Ignotum tragicae genus invenisse Camenae,
Dicitur et plaustris vexisse poemata Thespis,
Quae canerent agerentque peruncti faecibus ora."

In addition to the authorities already cited, Thespis
is mentioned as the inventor of tragedy by the Pseu-
do-Platonic Minos, which was probably written after
the death of Aristotle. Chamaeleon, the pupil of

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Aristotle, wrote a treatise on Thespis, and probably
took the same view. Diogenes Laertius, iii. 56, says
that Thespis added an actor to the chorus ; and if
Aristotle has not stated this among the collected
notes which form his Poetics, it seems implied when
he (Poetics, 10) ascribes the second actor to Aeschylus,
as Themistius distinctly maintains that he attributed
the prologue and " rhesis " to Thespis (Or. 26, p. 382).
We may add Plutarch, Solon, 29; Athenaeus, 22;
Tzetzes, Prolegomena Scholia in Lycophron, p. 256;
Diogenes Laertius, i. 2, 11, iii. 1, 56; Apostolius, 13,
42; Horace, Epistolae, ii. 1, 163; Plutarch, de Gloria
Atheniensium, 7.

Considering, then, the interest which the site of
Icaria naturally excited, and the importance which it
really possessed in the history of Attic cult and in the
drama of the world, we seemed to be justified in put-
ting the clew which had been found to a complete and
satisfactory test. Some months' delay was occasioned
by the absence of the owner of the property, Mr. A.
Heliopulos, English Vice-Consul at Ai'vali in Asia
Minor; but upon his arrival at Athens in January, per-
mission to excavate was readily granted ; and the sin-
gle house in the valley, which was also near the ruined
church, was politely placed at our disposal, and every
facility granted for the prosecution of the work. As
soon as weather permitted, on the 30th of January,
Mr. Buck began excavations, which were continued,
with some interruptions from snow and rains, until

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 75

March 19th. Of the choragic monument, utilized by
the builders of the church for the apse, two courses
were still standing. The remaining stones were found
in its vicinity, even to the two slabs which formed its
roof, so that it could be easily reconstructed, with the
exception of the ornamentation above the roof. On
the north side of the church was found a decree of
" the Icarians and the deme of the Icarians," which
proved conclusively that this was the long-contested
site ; and in the walls of the church and in its vi-
cinity other decrees came to light, adding confirmation.
Indeed, it became evident that the deme-centre of
Icaria had been discovered. Furthermore, as was to
be expected from the home of Thespis, evidence soon
accumulated of the prevalence there of an active and
persistent worship of Dionysus, from the days of the
Father of Tragedy himself for several centuries. A
part of a colossal head or mask of the bearded Diony-
sus, of the finest archaic art, was found beneath the
wall of the church, and at a little distance toward the
north, but much deeper in the soil, a large fragment
of the beard on the right side, and one of the large
spiral curls above the forehead, which had been partly
fashioned separately and fitted into holes, and partly
cut out of the marble. Holes above this row of curls
show where a garland of ivy was doubtless attached,
and some bronze leaves were found which would have
been of proper proportion for it. A colossal archaic
torso, from neck to waist, was discovered under the

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

floor ; the feet were found in the wall, and a right hand
in the vicinity. Between the thumb and first finger
of this hand was a hole into which a large cantharus
was found to fit, after the manner of the curl above
mentioned. The torso was habited in the Ionic chiton,
and mantle that left the right arm free. The statue
was seated, with right foot drawn back and heel some-
what raised. Holes on the breast served to hold the
fastening for long curls, and long hair streamed down
the back. The forearms of another large statue seem
never to have been more than roughly finished.
The torso of a Satyr of the good period, another,
probably of a Pan or Silen, a tragic masked head,
and reliefs with a procession and a goat-sacrifice, a
beautiful ivy wreath below a dedicatory inscription to
Dionysus, bronze ivy-leaves, and a bronze intaglio of
a habited figure holding a thyrsus or sceptre, — all
point to the same worship. An inscription of the
fifth century speaks of the money of Dionysus, and
states the amount in hand.

Nor did the home of Thespis lack its theatrical
representations. A long inscription of the fifth cen-
tury amid its broken lines still exhibits the care
with which the Icarians regulated "antidosis," or ex-
change of property by the choragus in case of griev-
ance, as well as various other details relating to the
production of plays. Dedicatory inscriptions of the
fourth century mention several victories gained by
the choragi, and in one occurs the name of the poet

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. J J

whose play was victorious, — Nt/cocrrparo? eSi'Sacr/c€z>.
The others speak of tragedies ; this, probably of a
comedy. For the inscription should belong to the
early decades of the fourth century, which would ac-
cord well with the Nicostratus, who is said by Apol-
lodorus1 and Thomas Magister 2 to have been the
youngest son of Aristophanes. Athenaeus quotes
frequently from his plays, and calls him (587) a
poet of the Middle Comedy ; while Harpocration cites
a play, " Ornitheutes," as that of Nicostratus of the
New Comedy. Dittenberger3 thinks, in consequence
of the position of the name Nicostratus after Philemon
and Menander, in the inscription containing a list of
victorious poets, that there may have been a second
Nicostratus belonging to the New Comedy. The
famous actor mentioned by Xenophon,4 who lived be-
fore 420 b. c, can hardly suit our inscription, nor the
Didaskalos of the chorus of bovs of the victorious
Oeneid tribe,5 who belongs to about the same time.
The Nicostratus occurring in the inscription published
by Kumanudes,6 though probably of the fourth cen-
tury, does not seem to be a poet or actor, but a
patron of the theatre, and may be a foreigner. The
" dramatic poet " Nicostratus, surnamed Clytemnestra,
of whom Diogenes Laertius speaks (iv. 18), must be-
long to the close of the fourth century, by his connec-

1 Schol. Plat. Apol., 19 c. 2 Vit. Aristoph., xii.

3 Sylloge, 425. 4 Symposium, vi. 3.

5 C. I.G., 212; C.I. A., i. 336.

6 Ephemeris Archaeologike, 1886, p. 106.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

tion with Polemo and Crates. It has often been said
that old pieces only were produced at the country
Dionysia; but Ribbeck1 has remarked, in relation to
the large number of dramas (160) assigned to Choeri-
lus, that he probably brought out some of the shorter
ones in the demes ; and the reading Trpcorovs of the
manuscripts in Aristophanes, " Clouds," 523, is to be
retained on account of this usage, as TeufTel has justly
said. Indeed, we may infer from this passage that it
was not an uncommon thing for a young poet to make
his virgin attempts in " the provinces." Hence we
may imagine that Nicostratus has done this in Icaria,
and has won his victory against some antagonist.

We searched diligently for a theatre, but no un-
doubted traces rewarded our efforts. It is possible
that there never was any substantial structure of the
kind. The Icarians may have seated themselves on
the slopes of the hill just behind, and looked down up-
on the orchestra, with its stage-structure erected for the
occasion. No signs of seats on the slope were found.

The worship of Dionysus was not the only one of
the place. First was discovered the torso of a naked
male figure of the style of the sixth century and of
the so-called Apollo type. Next a bas-relief of the
good period, representing Apollo seated on the " om-
phalos," holding the lyre, with Artemis and Leto be-
hind him. Later, in the midst of some walls, appeared
a relief in which again Apollo was seated on the

1 Anfange und Entwickelung des Dionysischen Cultes in Attika.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

omphalos, with Artemis behind him and an adorant
before him. An inscription declared that it was the
dedication of a certain Pisicrates, a Pythaistes. The
worship of Apollo Pythius at Athens is said to have
been derived from Marathon, and its prevalence in a
neighboring Diacrian deme was natural. Directly, a
marble threshold was discovered in one of the walls,
on which was inscribed in characters of the fourth
century, 'iKapiuv to HvOlov, and the remains of a tem-
ple of considerable size were subsequently disclosed.

Two other buildings, whose purpose was not so con-
veniently indicated, rewarded further excavation, as
well as several large bases, marble chairs (single and
double), pedestals for offerings, etc. One of the door-
sills of the church was found to have been an archaic
sepulchral stele, brought from some neighboring tomb
and placed with the sculptured side down. It proved
to represent a warrior, which at first sight appeared to
be an almost exact replica of the famous Aristion
stele ; but upon a close comparison several differences
were noticeable. The head and some fragments alone
were missing.

Besides the excavations at the church, others also
were made about half a mile to the northwest down
the valley, where a prostrate column was lying. Its
base was found, and many fragments of a huge vase-
like cap of great beauty, together with the heads and
necks of three griffins. Its purpose appears to have
been sepulchral, and graves exist in close proximity.

80 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Objects obtained by excavation on private property,
like this, belong in part to the State and in part to the
owner of the land, who has the right to retain them
in his own possession if he pleases to hold himself
responsible to the Government for their safe-keeping.
Mr. Heliopulus decided to retain those found by us
on the spot, and assigned one room of the house there
for their protection, and appointed a guard to look
after them. He has since removed them to Stamata,
the residence of his overseer.

ICARIANS IN OUR LITERARY SOURCES.

Next to Thespis, the greatest Icarian known to us
is Magnes, the comic poet, whose many victories are
celebrated by Aristophanes in the well-known passage
of the "Knights" (519), and who is mentioned by many
writers. Suidas says that he produced nine plays and
won two victories ; but the author of the treatise Uepl
Kw/AwSta? gives him eleven victories, — which is more
in harmony with the language of Aristophanes. The
earliest of these appears in the inscription of the di-
dascalia,1 where Xenoclides was his choragus ; and as
this is connected with the victory of Aeschylus, whose
choragus was Pericles, and is believed to refer to
the production of the " Septem," the date is fixed by
Koehler and Dittenberger at 467 b. c, — probably
the year in which choruses were first assigned by the

1 C. I. A., ii. 971 ; Dittenberger, Sylloge, 405.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

State to comedy. The career of Magnes for a long
period was a prosperous one, as Aristophanes speaks
of him as not long dead at the production of the
" Knights " in 424 b. c. He had lived to see times
change, and his own popularity wane before the newer
lights, and to be charged with the loss of his powers
of scoffing wit. It is noticeable that in his " Frogs "
and " Birds " he preceded Aristophanes in the employ-
ment of these famous titles.

With these two great historic names, Icarians sink
totally out of sight to the reader of our literary
sources only, with the exception of that Diotimus, son
of Diotimus the Icarian, whom Ariston, the adversary
of Conon in Demosthenes, liv. 31, charges with giving
false testimony as to what he saw when a quarrel was
going on between Conon and the speaker. But that
it was still for a long time a vigorous deme has been
shown by our excavations, and this to the student of
Greek inscriptions is also a well-known fact. It is in-
teresting to see what this other source of information
has to tell us about the people of this deme.

ICARIANS FROM THE INSCRIPTIONS.

The earliest Icarians of whom we find mention
in inscriptions are two, whose names in full we do
not recover in consequence of the mutilation of the
stones. Both belong to the first half of the fifth
century. The first is . . . ias, who consecrates on his
native Pentelic stone the tithe of something, — no

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

doubt to the goddess Athena. The stone was found
on the Acropolis.1 The second is also a consecra-
tion erected on a basis of Pentelic stone in the Acro-
polis by . . . seutes.2

In the second half of the fifth century we find three
Icarians occupying the most important financial office
under the imperial democracy. They are presidents
of the " Hellenotamiae," — a board of ten, to which
was intrusted the management of all the tribute
moneys that were brought to Athens yearly by the
allies about the time of the great Dionysia. The
first of these is Doryphilus, who is mentioned in
the tribute list of the year 442-41 B.C.;3 the second,
Philetaerus, also mentioned in a tribute list belong-
ing to the first year of the Peloponnesian War,
432-31 ;4 and the third is Phrasitelides, of the year
410,5 who appears in an account of expenditures of
the State, inscribed on that marble in the archaic
room of the Louvre which is crowned by a beautiful,
though somewhat defaced, relief representing Athena
beside her olive with spear in hand. On the opposite
side of the tree, facing her, is an elderly man leaning
upon his staff, with his right hand on a branch of the
olive. The scene has been interpreted as signifying
that the goddess intrusts her olive to king Erechtheus.

Another important office in the State was that of
the treasurers of the "other gods." These had gen-

1 C. I. A , i. 378. 2 C. I. A., i. 380. 8 C. I. A., i. 238.

4 C.I. A., i. 247. 5 C. I. A., i. 188.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

eral control of all the property of all the gods except
Athena, whose treasury possessed a special board of
officers. The board of the " other gods " was estab-
lished 435 B.C.; and in the year 432-31 Gorgoenus,
son of Oinides the Icarian, is three times mentioned
in an account of expenditures as chief of the board.1

In 437-36 Timogenes the Icarian was presiding
officer of the commission that superintended the
building of the Propylaea, which had been begun
the year before.2

In the second year of the Peloponnesian War,
. . . ros, an Icarian, appears to have been one of the
generals sent out on some naval expedition. The
inscription is much mutilated.3

After the catastrophe which befell the city at the
close of the Peloponnesian War and the tyranny of
the Thirty, the diminished revenues of the State ren-
dered it advisable to unite in one board the treasurers
of Athena and of the "other gods," and in 398-97
we find Protocles, the Icarian, head-treasurer of this
combined board.4

Nine years after the formation of the second mari-
time confederacy of the Athenians, and when their
naval power had again regained much of its pristine
vigor and importance, an Icarian . raton appears as
commissioner in charge of the dockyards in Peiraeus
and adjacent harbors, 369-68 B.C.5 The full form

1 c. 1. A., i. 273. 2 c. 1. A., i. 314.

3 C. I. A., iv. 179. 4 C. I. A., ii. 652-53.

5 C. I. A., ii. 799.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

of this name can be supplied from a consecration
offered by the Prytanes of the Aegeid tribe, in the
year 341-40, on the occasion of their being honored
with a crown by the people " for their virtue and
justice." Among the five Icarians occurs Eraton, son
of Eration.1 Hence Eraton is to be read as the name
of the commissioner. The man who in the prime of
vigorous manhood was commissioner of the maritime
board becomes, twenty-eight years later, a senator,
with years of experience gathered in the troublous
times of Demosthenes.

Toward the middle of the first half of the fourth
century an officer called " Treasurer of the People "
appears for the first time in inscriptions.2 This office
seems to have been abolished in 295, according to
Kohler.8 At some time near the termination of
this period we find Acrotimus the Icarian holding
the office. We shall have something more to say of
him farther on.

Another treasurer, crowned for faithful discharge of
duty, is Gorgiades, son of Mnesiclides, in the archon-
ship of Theophrastus, which fell either in 340-39, or
313-12.4

Among other public offices, that of public arbitra-
tor (§10117777779) was held by the Icarians Theodorus
and Cleaenetus5 in 325-24; Diod[or]usor Diod[ot]us

1 C. I. A., ii. 872.

2 Earliest datable, 368 b. c, Frankel-Bockh, Staatshaushaltung der
Athener, 1886, ii. note 288. Cf. C. I. A , ii. 15 b, pp. 397, 423.

3 C I. A , ii. 836. 4 C. I. A., ii. 1209.
5 C. I. A., ii. 943.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

was senator and eVtcrraT^? in 320-19 ;l and Lacri-
tides, son of Sostratus, was one of the nine archons
(Thesmothete) in 97-96 b. c.3

Besides these officers of the State, we find Icarians
connected also with religious functions. Timocritus
and Aristophanes are praised and crowned with olive
for their services as " hieropoioi " to the mysteries of
Eleusis, 341-40 b.c.3

Thrasippus, an Icarian, was " hieropoios " at the
Ptolemaea during the first part of the second century

B.C.4

Lacratides, son of Sostratus, was priest at Eleusis
about the beginning of the first century b. c.5

Damon, son of Philocles, had charge of sacred
things in Delos.6

So^enes was a member of a committee to refash-
ion some of the offerings belonging to the " Hero
Physician " by melting down the objects that were
worn or broken.7

Acrotimus, son of Aischias, in the early part of
the third century proposed a decree to the following
effect, at a regular assembly of the people : " Whereas
it is a patrial custom for physicians of the State to
sacrifice to Aesculapius and Hygieia twice a year in
behalf both of themselves and of the persons whom

1 Dittenberger, Sylloge, 337.

2 C. I. A., ii. 985. 3 C. I. A., ii. 872.

4 C. I. A., ii. 953.

5 Ephemeris Archaeologike, 1886, p. 26.

6 C. I. G., 2306 7 C I. A., ii. 403.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

they have severally cured, be it resolved that the next
proedri shall bring the matter before the next as-
sembly." The remainder is lost.1 The same Acro-
timus is mentioned in an inventory of sacred objects
in the temple of Aesculapius as having offered up
fifty-four drachmas consecrate to the god. This was
customary upon any cure being effected that was be-
lieved to be due to the divinity. It is very probable
that he was the mover of a resolution which resulted
in the consecration by the people, in the same temple,
of a large drinking-cup, worth ninety-six drachmas,
when he was treasurer, as mentioned above.2 It
was his son Pisicrates who designates himself as
Pythaistes, or State priest and envoy to the Delphian
temple, upon the relief found in the vestibule of the
" Pythion of the Icarians."

Da[mon], an Icarian (perhaps the same as the son
of Philocles, above), was a gymnasiarch who presided
over the. gymnasium in Delos. 95-94, b. c.8 His name
occurs along with that of Lacratides in a list of Delian
priests and Attic magistrates who contribute a tithe
for the Pythian Apollo.

Records of o;enerous contributions also occur. For
the repair of the theatre the true Icarian Heraclitus
contributed one hundred drachmas in behalf of him-
self, his wife Nike, and his sons Heraclitus and
Dionysogenes, and his daughter Nicarete. As the

1 C. I. A., ii. Add. nov. 352 b.

2 C. I. A., ii. 836, 80-87.

s C. I. A., ii. 985.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

stone recording this fact was found in the Peiraeus,
it is probable that the theatre mentioned is one of
the two in that town. The date is about the begin-
ning of the second century b. c.1

Not long after, Philocles, another Icarian, gave
liberally for some purpose, not to be made out by
reason of the fracture of the stone.2

The daughter or wife of some Icarian is mentioned
in a list of objects consecrated, 342-1 b. c, in that
sanctuary of old clothes on the Acropolis, called " of
Artemis Brauronia." 3

Among those who served their country as trie-
rarchs, or captains of triremes fitted out at their
own expense, was Hagnias the Icarian. The name
appears first in 356-55 b. c.,4 and again in 323, 5
when, together with his fellow-trierarchs, he is said
to have repaired the trireme " Apobasis " (builder Cha-
retides), at the cost of twelve hundred drachmas.
Though these notices are thirty-two years apart, it
is possible that they refer to the same person, be-
cause a youth with sufficient property might be
called upon to serve as trierarch on arriving at
the age of eighteen, or, if an orphan, at nineteen,
and Isocrates was trierarch in his eighty-second year.
According to the calculations of Kirchner (Rheinisches
Museum, xlix. p. 379), a certain Dionysius at the
age of eighty was fellow-trierarch with his son about
342 b. c. Hence we have in this Hagnias not only the

1 C. I. A., ii. 984. 2 C. I. A., ii. 983. 8 C. I. A., ii. 761.

4 C. I. A., ii. 794. 5 C. I. A., ii. 811.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

same name which we have recovered from the arch-
itrave of the choragic monument at Icaria, but I
think the same person also. The inscription consists
of three names, the first of which was read by
Chandler as hXvias, and by Lolling as Aii/tas.1 One
result of our first visit to the spot last fall was the
correction of this, with full certainty, to Hagnias.

Three Icarian trierarchs are mentioned together2
— namely, Timocrates, Cleaenetus, and Neaeus —
about 348 b. c. Of these, Timocrates is no doubt
the father of the Timocritus already cited as a pry-
tanis and " hieropoios " of the year 341-40 ; and he
also appears in a broken inscription among those from
Icaria. And Cleaenetus is the same person whom we
have seen above as " diaitetes " of the year 325-24.
Another trierarchs name is lost.3

A naval catalogue of the early part of the fourth
century 4 cites among citizen sailors . . . ichus, an
Icarian. It seems possible to supply this name as
Olympichus from an inscription likewise of the early
part of the fourth century5 found last May built into
the wall at the west end of the Acropolis. This is
upon a basis of Pentelic marble, and served as a sup-
port for some consecration to Athena. According to
Dr. Lollings reasonable conjecture,6 the offering was
made by the members of the same gens, — three sons
of Autophilus, of the deme of Phlya; an Aphidnaean ;
a Marathonian ; and Olympichus, son of Lysimachus

1 C. I. A., ii. 1317. 2 C.I. A., ii. 803.

3 C. I. A., ii. 812 c, 60. 4 C. I. A., ii. 959.

5 C I. A., ii. 1427, b. 6 Deltion, 1888, p. 91.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

the Icarian. It is noticeable that three of these demes
belong to the Diacrian region.

Dr. Milchhofer recently discovered at Spata, in the
Mesogaea,1 a boundary stone of property which had
been mortgaged, subject to a lien held by a society
(eranistai) of which Theopithcs the Icarian was the
president, or agent.

Among the materials furnished by contractors for
construction and repairs at Eleusis, 329-28 b. c,
reeds are twice mentioned as supplied by Ergasus
the Icarian.2 These " kalamides " are spoken of in
" Anecdota Bekkeri " as employed in layers for
strengthening walls.3 The cost of those furnished by
Ergasus is not great, — only ten drachmas, all told.
But this entry in the Eleusinian accounts is interest-
ing because Ergasus belongs to a family who conse-
crated an offering in Icaria for their victories with
tragedies.

The only Icarian (unless Damon is one) whom by
chance I find resident abroad is Chaerigenes, the son
of Agasias, who is made known to us by a family in-
scription from the island of Imbros later than 387 b. c.
He had gone there and settled as cleruch ; but, as is
well known, he, together with his family, still retained
the rights of an Athenian citizen and his connection
with his deme at home. He accordingly styles him-
self an Icarian. He has married an Athenian wife,
daughter of Ctesias the Paeanian ; and their daughter

1 Mittheilungen, 1887, p. 88.

8 Cf. C. I. A., ii. 834 Col., I. 64.

2 C. I. A., ii. 834 b.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Chaerylla is styled in full, "daughter of Chaerigenes
the Icarian." She marries an Athenian of Aphidna ;
and their son, named Chaerigenes after his grand-
father, is by birth a demesman of Aphidna.1

One family we are able to trace for five generations,
especially in connection with the worship at Eleusis
during the second and first centuries B.C. The first
of them is Lacratides, of whom we have mention
only as the father of Sostratus, who appears in a
catalogue of sacred envoys (theoroi) after the middle
of the second century.2 The third is Lacratides, son
of Sostratus, who is thesmothete b. c. 97-96, as above,
and contributor of one hundred drachmas for the
Pythian Apollo. His name also occurs in a list of
distinguished men in an inscription whose purport is ,
not definitely known, although Ross conjectures it to
be a list of priests.3 But the most important memorial
of him was found in October, 1885, by Ephor Philios
in the course of excavations conducted at Eleusis,
just to the west of the smaller Propylaea, and below
the rock which rises close by and is crowned by
the little chapel of the Virgin (Panagia). Here, in
front of two grottos in the cliff, was discovered the
foundation of a small temple, amid the debris above
which came to light a relief bearing an inscription.
This, taken in connection with other references to
a temple of Pluto in the inscriptions at Eleusis, and

1 Conze, Reise auf den Inseln des Thrakischen Meeres, p. 85.

2 C.I. A., ii/955.

3 Demen, 14 ; C. I. A., ii. 1047.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

the similarity of the grottos to those of the Eumenides
in the Areopagus, which were believed to connect with
the lower world, has led to the identification of the
spot as the site of that temple. The relief is broken
at both ends and below. The inscription was placed
near the top, and is incomplete at both ends. Below
it is the head of the goddess, preserved to the neck ;
and the top of her sceptre appears as held in her left
hand. To her right is Pluto, also holding a sceptre,
but preserved only to the chin. To his right was
Triptolemus, with a flaming torch. To the left of the
goddess no figures remain ; but the inscription seems
to show that Lacratides was there represented in
more diminutive form than the divinities, and per-
haps with his children beside him. The relief is
consecrated in the sanctuary of Pluto, as his fellow-
demesman Pisicrates placed his in the Pythian of
the Icarians (where he probably is represented by
the adorant) ; and, like his, it had the fortune to be
found on the spot. The inscription of Lacratides
is as follows : —

AaKpaTtibrjs laxTTpdrov 'i/captjeuy ieptvs Qeov kcu 3eas kcu Et»/3ovAea>[s

TETON vnep eavrov kcu tg>v vwv JZaxTTpdr^ov

kcu Trjs dv^yarpos xaPia"rVPl0V A^p^rpi KaL Kop/7

dv€0T)K€V.

H\ov Qed. AaKpaTel[dr)s

tcov. 2a)arpar[ov
Tpi7rr6Xe 'I/capieus.
[pos]

The words supplied by Philios are certainly reason-
able ; but we can go farther, and add the name of

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

another son besides the Sostratus there given. During
the year i860, excavations were conducted at Eleu-
sis, under the auspices of the French Government, by
Francois Lenormant ; and during their progress an
inscription was found on the plinth of a statue, run-
ning as follows: "The people honor Cleo, daughter
of Dionysius, son of Lacratides the Icarian." 1 The
forms of the letters and the identity of the name
are sufficient proof that this is the same family, and
Dionysius may be placed with Sostratus in the fourth
generation. Cleo, in the fifth, is very possibly a
priestess, and has so distinguished herself as a bene-
factress that she has been honored by the people
with a statue.

Another priestess, the wife of Menecrates the Ica-
rian, is honored, not by the people, but by a grateful
husband. Her epitaph was found in the Peiraeus,
and belonged to the fourth or third century b. c.2
" The attendant and priestess of the Mother of all
children, Chaerestrate, lies here, whom her husband
loved while living, and grieved for when dead. Blessed
did she leave the light of life, for she lived to see
her children's children."

If these are fair examples of Icarian wives, they
might well resent the old jibe attributed to Susarion :
"Women are an evil; but still, O ye demesmen, one
cannot have a house without the evil. To marry or

1 Lenormant, Recherches archdologiques a fileusis, p. 239.

2 Kaibel, Epigrammata Graeca, 44.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

not to marry, either is bad." Whether his or not,
such flings were the fashion of the day, and are found
plentifully outside the license of comedy.

Some other inscriptions may be brought into juxta-
position, with some probability of the identity of the
person mentioned.

The tombstone of Diodorus, son of Theodorus the
Icarian, was found, according to Fourmont, at Cara,
on the west slope of Hymettus.1 It was this inscrip-
tion that misled many into a false notion of the site
of the deme. From the form of the letters it may be
the wife of this Diodorus whose cippus was discovered
near the Arsakeion in Athens, reading thus: "Aristea,
daughter of Astias, of the deme of Atene, wife of
Diodorus the Icarian."2

We seem also to have husband and wife in the
following : " Euxenos, son of Nicanor the Icarian,"
in a catalogue of names in which Lacratides also
appears,3 and " Agathoclea, daughter of Dionysius,
a Milesian, wife of Nicanor the Icarian."4

The remaining names on my list are at present
suitable only for a catalogue.

Glancing back over this enumeration of Icarians
and their deeds, while acknowledging its fragmentary
and accidental character, we still seem to have enough
to draw some conclusions as to the characteristics of
the people who dwelt in that picturesque mountain-

1 c. I. A., iii. 1716.
3 C. I. A., ii. 1047.

2 C. T. A., iii. 1581.
4 C. I. A., iii. 2162.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

hemmed spot, and traced their ancestry back to Ica-
rius who entertained the god. We find no generals of
renown, no statesmen active in moulding for good or
ill the affairs of Athens, no orators of power, no one
especially active in proposing and pushing laws in the
public assembly for public weal or private gain, no
historians, no philosophers, no artists. They are dis-
tinguished by two traits, which claim our respect and
admiration. These are a deep devotion to religion,
and a sound and sturdy integrity. Their great inven-
tion, the drama, was the outgrowth of their worship
of Dionysus, and was always a part of the service
which they paid to their god. While the revel of
comedy was no doubt more or less connected with
their festival, tragedy seems to have been their es-
pecial preference, and perhaps suited rather their turn
of mind, if it was not out of loyalty to their demes-
nial!, the great originator, that they maintained his
traditions. Side by side with the worship of Dionysus,
stood that of the Pythian Apollo, which originally
belongs to the Marathonian region, and received
especial brilliancy at Athens from Pisistratus in
the Pythion, in close proximity to the precinct of
Dionysus. Acrotimus is signally devoted to the
Aesculapian divinities (another side of the Apolline
function), while his son attests the home-worship.
Lacratides and his family, while doing their duty to
the Pythian, were especially attracted by the Eleusin-
ian rites, in which the worship of Iacchus-Dionysus
was an important feature.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Their sturdy integrity is evinced by the number of
offices of trust which they held. They are found in
the highest positions in the State, where money is to be
kept safe, with fingers unstained by peculation. They
superintend the building of the Propylaea, they preside
over the docks, they serve as treasurers of the temples,
and assist in their sacrifices and in their adornment.
And finally they do their duty as citizens, spending
their money liberally at home in support of their
patrial theatrical displays, or for those of other towns.
They serve also with liberality as trierarchs and as
seamen. The period of their greatest influence is in
the sixth, fifth, and fourth centuries. The popularity
of their worship of Dionysus, and of the mummeries
and choruses connected therewith in the first half
of the sixth century, has been seen in the fact that
Susarion was attracted thither from Megara, and in
the stimulation of Thespis to the elaboration of the
tragic side of the Dionysiac worship.

The story of Plutarch in relation to Solon and
dramatic representations assumes a new reality when
we know where Icaria was, and its distance from
Athens; and if the story is not true, it wears the
garb of truth with a deserving grace. The new
world opened by Thespis made his home so famous
that Pisistratus must needs bring him to Athens.
In the next century Magnes maintained the reputa-
tion of Icaria, and the original invention reached pro-
portions which made it the wonder of Greece. The

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

worship was still maintained in Icaria, plays were
still produced there, and the members of its deme
held positions of the greatest responsibility at Athens.
All this seems to show that Ungers conjecture of
for 'iraXiW, in the well-known passage of
the " Antigone " of Sophocles (i 1 18), has, as Professor
D'Ooge has remarked to me, far more to recommend
it than ever before. Professor Jebb in his edition of
the "Antigone" fairly sums up the evidence: "Clearly
then 'iKapiW is possible. But is it so probable as
'ItolXlglv? We may remark : (i) It is not enough that
there was a well-known Icarian myth. We want a fa-
mous region, — kXvtolv, — and one worthy to be linked
with Eleusis. Now, Statius, indeed, links Icaria with
Eleusis (Theb., xii. 619, Icarii Celeique domus); but in
the classical age of Attica the deme 'I/capta seems to
have been wholly obscure, save for this legend.
(2) An Attic poet might, doubtless, wish to bring in
Icaria ; but dramatically — i. e.y in a Theban ode to a
Theban deity — Italy better serves the purpose of
glorifying the god. (3) The corruption of 'iKaplav
into 'Irakziav would not be a very natural one. In
fine, the case for 'IraXCav seems at least good enough
to warrant a suspense of judgment." As to (1), we
need add nothing to what has already been said, ex-
cept that the legends of Eleusis and Icaria were so
closely connected in the minds of the mythologists
that the one naturally suggested the other. Not only
has Statius linked Icaria with Eleusis, but Apollo-

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

dorus (iii. 14, 7) has done the same; as also Schol.
Aristophanes, " Knights," 697 ; Philostratus, Epist, 39 ;
Gregory Nazianzen, Orat, iii. p. 100 c ; and Lucian, de
Saltatione, 39-40, where he speaks of both stories
being represented in full by the dancers of the day.
In some writers they were even confused, as in the
" Etymologicum Magnum," 62, 11, where Erigone is
interchanged with Persephone, and in Servius ad Vir-
gilii Georgica, i. 19, Triptolemus is called the son of
Icarius. Nonnus links the two stories, " Dionysiaca,"
xxvii. 283-286 ; and at xlvii. 47 and 99, he sings
that. from the gift of the vine Icarius is to win more
glory than Triptolemus for his ear of corn. As to
(2), why mention even Eleusis? But the poets pur-
pose is to speak of those places which were especially
noted for the worship of Dionysus, and therefore
Icaria naturally enters beside Eleusis in Attica. As
to (3), the corruption of 1 to a would be easy, under
the same pronunciation, which prevailed even before
the beginning of our era,1 and the accent would be
shifted later. In fact, I think that 'li<apiav is now
justified.

Finally, are we to suppose with Leake that the
dcme of Icaria extended as far east as the village of
Rapedosa?2 This is possible; but when we consider
the situation of Dionyso, and the very rocky nature

1 Cf. Meisterhans, Grammatik der Attischen Inschriften, 24-32.

2 This name has been variously spelled Rapendosia, Rapendosa,
Rapentosa, Rapatosa.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

of the district between it and Rapedosa, it seems
far more likely that the ravines just east of Dionyso
formed the natural boundary in that direction, and
that the real extent of the district was down the valley
towards the northwest, where many remains of graves
and costly family burial-grounds are seen. The prob-
ability of this is greatly strengthened by the discovery
of a sepulchral inscription about a mile in that direc-
tion, containing the name of an Icarian and a .Plo-
theian on the same stone. Pliny's Mons Icarius (it is
mentioned only by him, and by Solinus, who merely
copies him) would then be best assigned to the entire
range which shuts in the Marathonian plain on the
west, — a chain whose ancient name we otherwise do
not know,1 important as it was in connection with
the Tetrapolis. We should thus have a range of
sufficient dignity to entitle it to be named by the side
of " Aegaleus, Brilessus [Pentelicus], Hymettus, and
Lycabettus ; " and Icarius would get his rights once
more.

AUGUSTUS C. MERRIAM.

Columbia College, New York,
December, 1888.

1 Modern names, Aphorismo, Stamatavuni, Mai Dionyso.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

INDEX OF ICARIAN NAMES.

Adeimantos, £. of . . . a[gora]s; ii.
I047-1

Agasias, f. of Chairigenes, Conze,
Reise auf den Inseln, p. 85.

Agesias, trierarch, Bockh, Att. See-
wesen, xvi. c. 156.

Aischias, f. of Akrotimos, ii. add.
352 b.

Akrotimos, treasurer, ii. 836, add.

352 b. — D.
Anthesterios, f. of ... on, ii. 478.
Aphr]odeisios, s. of Athenodoros,

ephebe, iii. 1 142.
Archenautes, s. of Archenautes,

senator, ii. 872.
Archippos, f. of Kleitopolis, ii.

2113.

Arignotos, s. of Babyrios, senator,

ii. 872.

Aristophanes, s. of Eukleides, sen-
ator, ii. 872.

A]sklepiod[oros, iii. 171 5.

Athenodoros, f. of Aphrodisios, iii.
1 142.

Babyrios, f. of Arignotos, ii. 872.

Chairigenes, s. of Agasias, cleruch
in Imbros, Conze, Reise, p. 85.

Chairylla, d. of Chairigenes, Conze,
Reise, p. 85.

Damon, s. of Philokles, superinten-
dent in Delos, C. I.G. 2306^/
gymnasiarch in Delos, ii. 985.

Deinias, f. of Polyarches, ii. 1010.

Diodoros, s. of Theodoros, iii. 1716,

iii. 1 58 1 .

1 References to Corpus Inscriptionum
Atticarum, unless otherwise stated, f., fa-
ther, s., son, d., daughter, D., Dionyso.

Diod[or]os, or Diod[ot]os, senator,
Dittenberger, Sylloge. 337.

Dionysogenes, s. of Herakleitos,
ii. 984.

Dionysios, s. of Lakrateides, iii.
885.

Diotimos.s. of Diotimos, Demosth.,
liv. 31.

Doryphilos, Hellenotamias, i. 238.
Dromoklea, d. of Gorgias, ii. 21 10.
Elpias, ii. 2109.

Ejpameinon, Ephem. Arch. 1886,
p. 14.

Epikrateia, d. of Epikrates, ii. 21 1 1 .
Eraton, s. of Eration, senator, ii.

872 ; superintendent of docks, ii.

799-

Ergasos, contractor, ii. 834 b, II.
53-58.

Eukleides, f. of Aristophanes, ii.
872.

Euthiades, ii. 21 12.
Euxenos, s. of Nikanor, ii. 1047.
Gorgiades, s. of Mnesikleides, ii.
1209.

Gorgias, f. of Dromoklea, ii. 21 10.
Gorgoinos, s. of Oineides, treasurer

of "the other gods,'' i. 273.
Hagnias, trierarch, ii. 794, 811. — D.
Herakleitos, f. of Herakleitos, ii.

984.

Hieron, iii. 171 7.

Kallim . . ., ii. 2115.

Kleainetos, trierarch, ii. 803 ; ref-
eree, ii. 943.

Kleitopolis, d. of Archippos, ii.
2113.

Kleo, d. of Dionysios, iii. 885.

IOO

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Lakrateides, f. of Sostratos, ii 955.
Lakrateides, s. of Sostratos, thes-

mothete, ii. 985; priest, Ephem.

Arch. 1886, p. 26; cf. C. I. A. ii.

1047.

Lysimachos, f. of Olympichos,
Deltion, 1888, p. 91, ii. 1427 b.

Magnes, comic poet, Aristoph. Eq.
520.

Men]ekr[ates, ii. 21 16.
Menephilos, mortgagee, ii. 11 16.
Mnesikleides, f. of Gorgiades, ii.
1209.

Neaios, trierarch, ii. 803.
Nikanor, f. of Euxenos, ii. 1047 ;
iii. 2162.

Nikarete, d. of Herakleitos, ii. 984.
Olympichos, s. of Lysimachos,

sailor, ii. 959; member of gens,

Deltion, 1888, p. 91.
Ophelion, ii. 21 17.
Phayllos, mortgagee, ii. 11 16.
Philar]gyros, iii. 1240.
Philetairos, Hellenotamias, i. 247.
Philokles, f. of Damon, C. I. G.,

2306 b. Cf. C. I. A., ii. 983.
Phrasitelides, Hellenotamias, i.

188.

Po]lemon, s. of Polemon, ii. 1041.
Polyarches, s. of Deinias, ii. 1010.
Polykleitos, s. of Pos]eidippos,
ii. 1044.

Protokles, treasurer of Athena and
the other gods, ii. 652-3.

Rhodylla, ii. 21 14.

Sogenes, committee-man, ii. 403.

Sostratos, s. of Lakrateides, the-
oros, ii. 955.

Sostratos, s. of Lakrateides, Eph-
em. Arch. 1886, p. 26.

Straton, iii. 1241.

Theodoros, referee, ii. 943.

Theodoros, f . of Diodoros, iii. 1716.

Theopeithes, president of a society,
Mitth. xii. p. 88.

Thoukydides, ii. 1020.

Thespis, father of tragedy. C. I. G.
2374-

Thrasippos, hieropoios, ii. 953.

Timogenes, supervisor of the Pro-
pylaea, i. 314.

Timokrates, trierarch, Bockh, See-
wesen, x. e. 43. — D.

Timokritos, s. of Timokrates, sen-
ator, ii. 872. — D.

. . . a[gora]s, s. of Adeimantos, ii.
1047.

. . . ates, ii. add. I. c.
. . . ias, consecrates something, i.
378.

. . . on, s. of Anthesterios, mover

of decree, ii. 478.
. . . os, trierarch, ii. 812, c. 60.
. . . phantos, ii. 103 1.
. . . ros, iv. 179.

. . . seutes, consecrates something,

i: 380.
ii. 761.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

IOI

ICARIAN NAMES FROM
IN THE

Akrotimos, f. of Peisikrates.
Androkl . . . f . of . . . memon.
Archidek[tes, f. of Archippos.
Archippos, s. of Archidektes, cho-

ragus.
Aristom[enes.
Chairemenes, s. of Diodotos.
Diognetos, s. of Ergasos, choragus.
Diodotos, f. of Chairemenes.
Epikrates, choragus ; C. I. A., ii.

2III(?).

Ergasos, s. of Phanomachos, cho-
ragus.

Exajkestos (?).

Hagnias, choragus.

Kallippos, mover of decree.

Kephisios, s. of Timarchos, con-
secrates something

INSCRIPTIONS FOUND
DEME.

Lysistratos, mortgagee.
Menest[ratos, mover of decree.
Mnesilochos, s. of Mnesiphilos,

choragus.
Nikon, demarch.

Peisikrates, s. of Akrotimos, Py-
thaistes.

Phanomachos, f. of Ergasos.

Phanomachos, s. of Ergasos, cho-
ragus.

Praxias, choragus, mortgagee (?).
Timarch[os, f. of Kephisios.
Timokritos, s. of Timokrates.
Xanthides, choragus.
Xanthippos, choragus.

102 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

ON
CO

ooooooooo
oqoqooqoo
o o o d d d d d d

ITll^ IT, 1^ 1^ O LT, (J

o o o o o o

^- o o o o o

0}d d d 6 o

'T it, umo

N M H M n N

"53

O O

o o
d

oo
I

•~ ° ^ -3 D ^ o .*i
G~ — " <u 55

£U o^

On -

*on

o o o m n moo o o co

OOOlO»J-i^'-|OOCOm

d d ci o\vd r-^ d t>» o oo co

loOnOn^OO ON co^O O CO CO

CI HI CO H M M <N|

o o

CO O

iri

CO HH

=63=

=66=

U3 M M .

c ° S ^ .§ en rt
c 4_i rt iv s v L

c w s " . - w r3 6 ^
•x:cr<ut;oSoQj

aHJ li 3 D O Si^

.2
> -

o3
o

C o3
<L> G3

. o

. bJO

- .5

o o g

ri 5 C

rt
O

bC^c

o o
p 3

- 5

<D (L>

rt o3

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

IO3

ACCOUNT OF PUBLICATION OF VOLS. II., III., AND IV.

Vol. III. Printing and binding 1,000 copies . . . $1,459.00
I cost ($610.59) of Kiepert's Maps . . . 407.06

$1,866.06

Vol. IV. Printing and binding 1,200 copies $1,128.37
Engraving Plan and cuts of Pnyx $100.00
Duties on 1,000 copies " " 5.00
545 extra " " " 21.30
Duties, charges and freight on

small cuts of Pnyx .... 12.93

139 23

Engravings of Thoricus . ... m.50

Printing articles for Authors . . 38.50

Vol. II. Printing and binding 1,200 copies $1,138.47
\ cost of Kiepert's Maps . . . 203.53

1,417.60

,342.00

Expenses of wrapping, freight,
boxes, postage, and delivery of

Vols. II., III., and IV. ... 112 71

Whole cost of three volumes $4,738-37

The expenses of publication have been paid as follows : —

Paid by the Archaeological Institute of America . . $750.00

Sales of publications in 1888 $86.44

Old electrotvpe plates sold 1.38

87.82

Charge in Account IV. (1885-86): —
Engraving of Plan of Pnyx $100.00

Charges in Account V. (1886-87) : —

Paid (on account) for printing 350.00

Kiepert's Maps (1,000 copies) 533-37

■ 983-37

Charge in Account VI. (1887-88) 2917.18

#4>73S 37

Note, — Cost of Kiepert's Maps: —

Engraving and printing i,ooocopies $470.84
Duties and expenses on " . 62.53
300 extra copies in 1888 .... 77.22

$610.59

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS.

JANUARY, 1889.

The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, founded by
the Archaeological Institute of America, and organized under the
auspices of some of the leading American Colleges, was opened Octo-
ber 2, 1882. During the first five years of its existence it occupied
a hired house on the 'OSo? 'A/xaA-tas in Athens, near the ruins of the
Olympieion. A large and convenient building has now been erected
for the School on a piece of land, granted by the generous liberality of
the Government of Greece, on the southeastern slope of Mount Lyca-
bettus, adjoining the ground already occupied by the English School.
This permanent home of the School, built by the subscriptions of its
friends in the United States, was ready for occupation early in 1888.

The Library now contains more than 1,600 volumes, exclusive of
sets of periodicals. It includes a complete set of the Greek classics
and the most necessary books of reference for philological, archaeologi-
cal, and architectural study in Greece.

The advantages of the School are offered free of expense for tuition
to graduates of the Colleges co-operating in its support, and to other

106 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

American students who are deemed by the Committee of sufficient
promise to warrant the extension to them of the privilege of member-
ship. It is hoped that the Archaeological Institute may in time be
supplied with the means of establishing scholarships, which will aid
some members in defraying their expenses at the School. In the
mean time, students must rely upon their own resources, or upon
scholarships which may be granted them by the Colleges to which
they belong. The amount needed for the expenses of an eight
months' residence in Athens differs little from that required in other
European capitals, and depends chiefly on the economy of the
individual.

A peculiar feature of the temporary organization of the School dur-
ing its first six years, which has distinguished it from the older German
and French Schools at Athens, has been the yearly change of Director.
This arrangement, by which a new Director has been sent out each
year by one of the co-operating Colleges, was never looked upon as
permanent. It is earnestly hoped and confidently expected that the
School will henceforth be under the control of a permanent Director,
who by continuous residence at Athens will accumulate that body of
local and special knowledge without which the highest purpose of such
a school cannot be fulfilled, while an Annual Director will also be sent
out each year by one of the Colleges to assist in the conduct of the
School. (See Regulation V.) The School has been able, even under
its temporary organization, to meet a most pressing want, and to be of
service to classical scholarship in America. It has sought at first, and
it must continue to seek for the present, rather to arouse a lively inter-
est in classical archaeology in American Colleges than to accomplish
distinguished achievements. The lack of this interest has heretofore
been conspicuous ; but without it the School at Athens, however well
endowed, can never accomplish the best results. A decided improve-
ment in this respect is already apparent ; and it is beyond question
that the presence in many American Colleges of professors who have
been resident a year at Athens under favorable circumstances, as an-
nual directors or as students of the School, has done much, and will
do still more, to stimulate intelligent interest in classic antiquity.

The address of the Chairman of the Managing Committee is
Thomas D. Seymour, New Haven, Conn. ; that of the Secretary,
Thomas W. Ludlow, Yonkers, N. Y.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT,

107

REGULATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF
CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS."

JANUARY, 1889.

1. The object of the American School of Classical Studies is to
furnish an opportunity to study Classical Literature, Art, and Antiqui-
ties in Athens, under suitable guidance, to graduates of American
Colleges and to other qualified students ; to prosecute and to aid
original research in these subjects ; and to co-operate with the Arch-
aeological Institute of America, so far as it may be able, in conducting
the exploration and excavation of classic sites.

II. The School is in charge of a Managing Committee. This Com-
mittee, which was originally appointed by the Archaeological Institute,
disburses the annual income of the School, and has power to add to
its membership and to make such regulations for the government of
the School as it may deem proper. The President of the Archaeo-
logical Institute and the Director and Annual Director of the School
are ex-officio members of the Committee.

III. The Managing Committee meets semi-annually, — in New
York on the third Friday in November, and in Boston on the third
Friday in May. Special meetings may be called at any time by the
Chairman.

V. 1. The School is under the superintendence of a Director.
The Director is chosen and his salary is fixed by the Managing Com-
mittee. The term for which he is chosen is five years. The Com-
mittee provides him with a house in Athens containing apartments
for himself and his family, and suitable rooms for the meetings of
the members of the School, its collections, and its library.

2. Each year the Committee appoints from the instructors of the
Colleges uniting in the support of the School an Annual Director,
who resides in Athens during the ensuing year and co-operates in

108 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

the conduct of the School. In case of the illness or absence of the
Director, the Annual Director acts as Director for the time being.

VI. The Director superintends personally the work of each mem-
ber of the School, advising him in what direction to turn his studies,
and assisting him in their prosecution. He conducts no regular
courses of instruction, but holds meetings of the members of the
School at stated times for consultation and discussion. He makes a
full Report annually to the Managing Committee of the work accom-
plished by the School.

VIII. Bachelors of Arts of co-operating Colleges, and all Bachelors
of Arts who have studied at one of these Colleges as candidates for a
higher degree, are admitted to membership in the School on present-
ing to the Committee a certificate from the instructors in classics of
the College at which they have last studied, stating that they are com-
petent to pursue an independent course of study at Athens under the
advice of the Director. All other persons who desire to become
members of the School must make application to the Committee.
Members of the School are subject to no charge for tuition. The
Committee, reserves the right to modify the conditions of member-
ship.

IX. Each member of the School must pursue some definite subject
of study or research in Classical Literature, Art, or Antiquities, and
must present a thesis or report embodying the results of some impor-
tant part of his year's work. These theses, if approved by the Direc-
tor, are sent to the Managing Committee, by which each thesis is
referred to a Sub -Committee of three, of whom one is always the
Director under whose supervision the thesis was prepared. If recom-
mended for publication by this Committee, the thesis or report will
be issued in the Papers of the School.

X. All work of excavation, of investigation, or of any other kind
done by any student in connection with the School shall be regarded
as done for the School and by the School, and shall be under the

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 109

supervision and control of the Director, who shall also, in conjunction
with the Committee on Publications, supervise and control all publi-
cation of the results, — giving full acknowledgment for work done by
the student.

XL When any member of the School has completed one or more
full years of study, the results of which have been approved by the
Director, he receives a certificate stating the work accomplished by
him, signed by the Director of the School, the President of the
Archaeological Institute, and the Chairman and the Secretary of the
Managing Committee.

XII. American students resident or travelling in Greece who are
not regular members of the School may, at the discretion of the
Director, be enrolled as special students and enjoy the privileges of
the School.

I IO

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF
CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

1882-1889.

The Annual Reports of the Committee may be had gratis on application to
the Secretary of the Managing Committee. The other publications are for sale
by Messrs. Damrell, Upham & Co., 283 Washington Street, Boston, Mass.

First, Second, and Third Annual Reports of the Managing Commit-
tee, 1881-84. pp. 30.

Fourth Annual Report of the Committee, 1884-85. pp. 30.

Fifth and Sixth Annual Reports of the Committee, 1885-87.
pp. 56.

Seventh Annual Report of the Committee, 1887-88, with the
Report of Professor D'Ooge (Director in 1886-87) and that of
Professor Merriam (Director in 1887-88). pp. 115.

Bulletin I. Report of Professor William W. Goodwin, Director of
the School in 1882-83. pp. 33. Price 25 cents.

Bulletin II. Memoir of Professor Lewis R. Packard, Director of
the School in 1883-84, with Resolutions of the Committee and the
Report for 1883-84. pp. 34. Price 25 cents.

Preliminary Report of an Archaeological Journey made in Asia
Minor during the Summer of 1884. By Lr. J. R. S. Sterrett.
pp.45. Price. 25 cents.

PAPERS OF THE SCHOOL.

Volume I. 1882-83. Published in 1885. 8vo. pp. viii and 262.
Illustrated. Price $2.00.

Contents : —

1. Inscriptions of Assos, edited by J. R. S. Sterrett.

2. Inscriptions of Tralleis, edited by J. R. S. Sterrett.

3. The Theatre of Dionysus, by James R. Wheeler.

4. The Olympieion at Athens, by Louis Bevier.

5. The Erechtheion at Athens, by Harold N. Fowler.

6. The Battle of Salamis, by William W. Goodwin.

SEVENTH ANXUAL REPORT.

I I I

Volume II., 1883-84, containing Dr. J. R. S. Sterrett's Report of
his Journey in Asia Minor in 1884, with Inscriptions, and two new
Maps by Professor H. Kiepert. Published in 1888. 8vo. pp. 344.
Price $2.25.

Volume IV. 1885-86. Published in 1888. 8vo. pp.277. Illus-
trated. Price $2.00.

Contents : —

1. The Theatre of Thoricus, Preliminary Report, by Walter Miller.

2. The Theatre of Thoricus, Supplementary Report, by William L. Cushing.

3. On Greek Versification in Inscriptions, by Frederic D. Allen.

4. The Athenian Pnyx, by John M. Crow ; with a Survey of the Pnyx and
Notes, by Joseph Thacher Clarke.

5. Notes on Attic Vocalism, by J. McKeen Lewis.

CIRCULAR OF INFORMATION FOR STUDENTS WHO
PROPOSE TO JOIN THE SCHOOL.

JANUARY, 1889.

Students in Athens will find a knowledge of German and French
of the utmost service in all their work.

The books in the following lists of which the titles are printed in
the larger type are recommended to students as an introduction to the
different branches of Greek Archaeology. The more special works,
whose titles are printed in smaller type, are recommended as books
of reference and for students whose department of special study is
already determined.

LIST OF BOOKS.
GENERAL WORKS.

Pausanias.

Collignon : Manual of Greek Archaeology (translated by J. H.
Wright), 1886.

112 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Guhl and Koner : Life of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.
Baumeister : Denkmaler des klassischen Alterthums.
C. O. Miiller : Ancient Art and its Remains.
Taine : Philosophic de l'Art en Grece.

S. Reinach : Manuel de Philologie classique.

Stark: Systematik und Geschichte der Archaologie der Kunst.

C. T. Newton: Essays on Art and Archaeology.

Burnouf : Memoires sur l'Antiquite.

Boeckh-Frankel : Die Staatshaushaltung der Athener, 1886.
K. F. Hermann : Griechische Alterthiimer.
Daremberg et Saglio : Dictionnaire des Antiquites.

ARCHITECTURE.
Durm : Die Baukunst der Griechen.

Von Reber : History of Ancient Art (translated by Clarke).

Penrose r Principles of Athenian Architecture, 2d ed.

Michaelis . Der Parthenon.

Fergusson : The Parthenon.

Bohn: Propylaea der Akropolis.

Boutmy : Philosophie de l'Architecture en Grece.

Papers of the American School at Athens. Vol. I.

SCULPTURE.

Mrs. Mitchell : History of Ancient Sculpture.
A. S. Murray : History of Greek Sculpture.
Overbeck : Geschichte der griechischen Plastik.
Overbeck : Die antiken Schriftquellen zur Geschichte der bildenden
Kiinste.

Waldstein : Essays on the Art of Pheidias.
Petersen : Die Kunst des Pheidias.
Collignon : Phidias.

Brunn : Geschichte der griechischen KUnstler.
Heuzey: Catalogue des Terres Cuites du Louvre.

Friedrichs*Wolters : Bausteine zur Geschichte der gnechisch-romischen
Plastik.

VASES.

Rayet et Collignon : Histoire de la Ceramique grecque.
Dumont et Chaplain : Les Ceramiques de la Grece propre.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Birch ! History of Ancient Pottery.

Jahn : Beschreibung der Vasensammlung Konig Ludwigs, 1854 {Einleitung) .
Furtwangler : Vasensammlung im Antiquarium (Berlin).
Klein : Euphronios.

Klein: Die griecbischen Vasen mit Meistersignaturen.

COINS.

Percy Gardner : Types of Greek Coins.
Head : Historia Numorum.

(Ruskinj Aratra Pentelici.)

Catalogues of Coins of the British Museum-

EPIGRAPHY.

Roberts : Introduction to Greek Epigraphy.
Dittenberger : Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum.

Kirchhoff : Geschichte des griechischen Alphabets.
Hicks : Greek Historical Inscriptions.
S. Reinach: Traite d'fipigraphie grecque.

Hinrichs : Griechische Epigraphik, in Muller's Handbuch der Alterthumswis-
senschaft, Vol. I.

Cauer : Delectus Inscriptionum Graecarum.

Collitz : Sammlung der griechischen Dialektinschriften.

Meisterhans . Grammatik der attischen Inschriften,

G. Meyer : Griechische Grammatik.

Roehl: Inscriptiones Graecae Antiquissimae.

Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum.

Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum.

Papers of the American School at Athens.

Loewy : Inschriften griechischer Bildhauer.

Reinach : Conseils au Voyageur archeologue en Grece.

TOPOGRAPHY.

Baedeker: Greece (latest edition).

Murray's Handbook for Travellers in Greece.

Guide Joanne : Athenes et ses environs (latest edition).

Curtius und Kaupert : Atlas von Athen.

Curtius und Kaupert: Karten von Attika (erlauternder Text).

Bursian : Geographie von Griechenland.
Tozer : Geography of Greece.

8 ■

ii4

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Lolling: Topographie von Griechenland, in Miiller's Ilandbuch der Alter-
thumswissenschaft, Vol III.

Leake : Travels in Northern Greece.
Leake : Topography of Athens.
Leake : Travels in the Morea.
(Wordsworth: Greece.)
E. Curtius : Peloponnesos.

Jahn-Michaelis : Pausaniae descriptio arcis Athenarum, 1880.

Wachsmuth : Die Stadt Athen im Alterthum.

Hertzberg : Athen.

Dyer : Ancient Athens.

Burnouf : La Ville et l'Acropole d'Athenes.

Botticher : Die Akropolis von Athen.

Botticher: Olympia.

MYTHOLOGY.

Preller : Griechische Mythologie.
Seemann : Mythologie der Griechen und Romer.
Collignon : Mythologie figuree de la Grece.
Decharme : Mythologie de la Grece antique.

Welcker : Griechische Gotterlehre.

Roscher : Lexikon der griechischen und romischen Mythologie.
(Burnouf - La Legende athenienne.)
(Ruskin : Queen of the Air.)

PERIODICALS.

Bulletin' de Correspondance hellenique.

Mittheilungen des deutschen Archasologischen Instituts.

Jahrbuch des deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts.

American Journal of Archaeology.

Journal of Hellenic Studies.

*Fj(f)7)[JLepL<s ' Ap^aioXoyixr}.

TlpoLKTLKa rrj<; iv 'A^vai? 'Ap^atoAoytK^? 'Eratpta?.

Archaeologisch-epigraphische Mittheilungen aus Oesterreich.

MODERN GREEK.

Vincent and Dickson : Handbook to Modern Greek.
Contopoulos : Modern Greek and English Lexicon.

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. I 15

TRAVEL AND EXPENSES.

Students wishing to travel from the United States to Athens with the greatest
economy of time and money are advised to sail from New York to Havre, Ant-
werp, Bremen, or Hamburg. The cost of the sea voyage varies from $40 to
$125. From the port of landing the journey to Athens may be made for about
$100 (first class) or $65 (second class), including ordinary expenses. Three
routes are available for the voyage to Athens upon the Mediterranean, — from
Marseilles, by the Messageries Maritimes steamers, or by the Fraissinet or
Florio-Rubattino line; from Brindisi, by Greek or Italian steamers or the Aus-
trian Lloyd ; from Trieste, by the Austrian Lloyd. Before securing passage
by any of these lines, care should be taken to ascertain that the Greek Govern-
ment has not established a quarantine against the port of departure. Quaran-
tined ports are to be avoided if possible, as the delay on landing from them is
tedious and costly.

The quickest route is by steamer from Brindisi to Patras (a little more than
twenty-four hours), and thence by rail to Athens (about eight hours). The
routes through the Gulf of Corinth and around Peloponnesus are very attractive
in good weather.

It is not advisable to attempt to sail directly from New York to the Piraeus
during the summer months, on account of the danger of quarantine. The voy-
age by this route (by the Florio steamers), which is to be recommended at other
seasons, takes about three weeks, and costs $150 (first class).

At the large hotels in Athens, board and lodging can be obtained for $14 per
week; at small hotels and in private families for $5. 50 per week and upward.
A limited number of students may have rooms, without board, in the new School
building. The figures here given represent maximum estimates, and careful
economy may reduce actual expenses below them. The student should go well
supplied with clothing and similar necessities for his stay, as all such articles
are expensive in Athens; and in providing these he must not count too much
on a warm climate during the winter. He should encumber himself with as few
books as possible in travelling ; the School library, which now contains more
than sixteen hundred volumes, provides all the books that are most essential for
study in Greece.

Members of the School are required to study in Athens, or in such Greek lands
as the Director of the School may approve, between October 1 and June 1.

5tory

• 5uilding for. Tkje- American 6cwool

aVT (\TMEN6 Pflof W K, . WAR.E , -architect -

Soaks.

TIR5T 5TORY

0 Metres. 5 10

10 20 30

Ilrtjraologifiiil Institute of |\,nurita.

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

MANAGING COMMITTEE

OF THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS.

1888-89.
WKitij tfje Reports of

CHARLES WALDSTEIN, Litt.D., Ph.D., L.H.D., Director,

AND

FRANK B. TARBELL, Ph.D., Annual Director.

CAMBRIDGE :
JOHN WILSON AND SON.
Hnfoersttg Press.
1889.

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES
AT ATHENS.

jJHanagmg Committee.

1888-89.

Thomas D. Seymour {Chairman), Yale University, New Haven,
Conn.

H. M. Baird, University of the City of New York, New York City.

I. T. Beckwith, Trinity College, Hartford, Conn.

Francis Brown, Union Theological Seminary, 1200 Park Ave., New
York City.

Miss A. C. Chapin, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.

Martin L. D'Ooge, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Henry Drisler, Columbia College, 48 West 46th St., New York City.

O. M. Fernald, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass.

A. F. Fleet, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.

Basil L. Gildersleeve, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

William W. Goodwin, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

William G. Hale, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Albert Harkness, Brown University, Providence, R. I.

Miss Abby Leach, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Thomas W. Ludlow {Secretary), Yonkers, N. Y.

Richard H. Mather, Amherst College, Amherst, Mass.

Augustus C. Merriam {Chairman of Committee on Publications),

Columbia College, 640 Madison Ave., New York City.
Charles Eliot Norton {ex officio), Harvard University, Cambridge,

Mass.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Francis W. Palfrey, 255 Beacon St., Boston, Mass.
William Pepper, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
Frederic J. de Peyster {Treasurer), 7 East 420I St., New York City.
William M. Sloane, College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J.
Frank B. Tarbell, Athens, Greece.

FitzGerald Tisdall, College of the City of New York, New York City.
James C. Van Benschoten, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.
William R. Ware, School of Mines, Columbia College, New York City.
John Williams White, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

(^--operating (Jlollqreg.
1888-89.

AMHERST COLLEGE.

BROWN UNIVERSITY.

COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.

COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY.

COLUMBIA COLLEGE.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY.

DARTMOUTH COLLEGE.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY.

TRINITY COLLEGE.

UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEW
YORK.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
VASSAR COLLEGE.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY.
WELLESLEY COLLEGE.
WILLIAMS COLLEGE.
YALE UNIVERSITY.

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

lExecutibe Committee.

1888-89.

Thomas D. Seymour {Chairman).

William W. Goodwin.

Thomas W. Ludlow {Secretary).

Charles Eliot Norton.

Frederic J. de Peyster {Treasurer).

William R. Ware.

John Williams White.

©(rector.

Charles Waldstein, Litt. D., Ph. D., L. H. D. 1888—.

Annual ©tmtorg.

William Watson Goodwin, Ph. D., LL.D., Eliot Professor of Greek
Literature in Harvard University. 1882-83.

Lewis R. Packard, Ph. D., Hillhouse Professor of Greek in Yale Uni-
versity. 1883-84.

James Cooke Van Benschoten, LL.D., Seney Professor of the Greek
Language and Literature in Wesleyan University. 1884-85.

Frederic De Forest Allen, Ph. D., Professor of Classical Philology
in Harvard University. 1885-86.

Martin L. D'Ooge, Ph. D., LL.D., Professor of Greek in the Uni-
versity of Michigan. 1886-87.

Augustus C. Merriam, Ph. D., Professor of Greek in Columbia Col-
lege. 1887-88.

Frank Bigelow Tarbell, Ph. D. 1888-89.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

trustees of tfje Scfjaol.

James Russell Lowell (President).

Edward J. Lowell {Treasurer).

William W. Goodwin (Secretary).

Martin Brimmer.

Henry Drisler.

Basil M. Gildersleeve.

Henry G. Marquand.

Charles Eliot Norton.

Frederic J. de Peyster.

Henry C. Potter.

William M. Sloane.

John Williams White.

Theodore D. Woolsey.

lExecuttfce Committee of tfje ^Trustees.

James Russell Lowell.
William W. Goodwin.
Charles Eliot Norton.

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

LOUIS BEVIER (1882-83),* Associate Professor in Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J.
WALTER RAY BRIDGMAN (1883-84), Professor in MiarrTi University, Oxford, 0.
CARL DARLING BUCK (1887-89), Student in the University of Leipzig.
N. E. CROSBY (1886-87), Instructor in the Westminster School, Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.
JOHN M. CROW (1882-83), Professor in Iowa College, Grinnell, la.

WILLIAM LEE CUSHING (1885-87), Head Master of the Westminster School, Dobbs
Ferry, N. Y.

MORTIMER LAMSON EARLE (1887-88), Instructor in Columbia College, New York
City.

THOMAS H. ECKFELDT (1884-85), Principal of the Friends' School, New Bedford, Mass.
A. F. FLEET (1887-88), Professor in the University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.
HAROLD NORTH FOWLER (1882-83), Instructor in Phillips Academy, Exeter, N. H.
HENRY T. HILDRETH (1885-86), Instructor in the Parish School, Boston, Mass.
GEORGE BENJAMIN HUSSEY (1887-88) * Fellow in Archaeology, College of New Jersey,
Princeton, N. J.

FRANCIS DEMETRIUS KALOPOTHAKES (1888-89), Student in the University of
Berlin.

JOSEPH McKEEN LEWIS (1885-87). Died April 29, 1887.

GONZA LEZ LODGE (1888-89),* Associate Professor in Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr. Pa.
WALTER MILLER (1885-86), Student in the University of Leipzig.

WILLIAM J. McMURTRY (1886-87), Professor in Yankton College, Yankton, South Dakota.
Miss EMILY NORCROSS (1888-89), Instructor in Smith College, Northampton, Mass.
Miss ANNIE S. PECK (1885-86), Providence.

DANIEL QUINN (1887-89), Professor in Mt. St. Mary's College, Emmitsburg, Md.
JOHN CARE IV ROLFE (1888-89), Instructor in Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
WILLIAM J. SEELYE (1886-87), Professor in Parsons College, Garfield, la.
PAUL SHOREY (1882-83), Associate Professor in Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa.
Miss EMILY E. SLATER (1888-89).

J. R. SITLINGTON STERRETT (1882-83), Professor in the University of Texas, Austin,
Tex.

FRANKLIN H. TAYLOR (1882-83), Tutor in Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.
OLIVER JOS. THATCHER (1887-88), Lecturer in Alleghany Theological Seminary, Alle-
ghany, Pa

S. B. P. TROWBRIDGE (1886-88), Architect, New York City.
HENRY STEPHENS WASHINGTON (1888-89) *

JAMES R. WHEELER (1882-83), Professor in the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt.
ALEXANDER M. WILCOX (1883-84), Professor in the University of Kansas, Lawrence,
Kan.

FRANK E. WOODRUFF (1882-83),* Professor in Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me.
THEODORE L. WRIGHT (1886-87), Professor in Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin.

* Not present during the entire year. Italics indicate students of the year 1888-89.

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE MANAGING COMMITTEE

OF THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

To the Council of the Archceological Institute of America:

Gentlemen, — I have the honor to submit to you
the Report of the Managing Committee of the Ameri-
can School of Classical Studies at Athens, for the year
from October i, 1888, to October 1, 1889; and also
the Reports of the Director, Dr. Charles Waldstein,
and of the Annual Director, Dr. Frank B. Tarbell.

During the past year the following persons have
been enrolled as members of the School : —

Carl Darling Buck, A. B. Yale, Soldiers' Memorial Fellow
of Yale.

Francis Demetrius Kalopothakes, A. B. Harvard.
Gonzalez Lodge, Ph. D. Johns Hopkins, Professor in
Davidson College.

Miss Emily Norcross, A. M. Wellesley.
Rev. Daniel Quinn, A. M. Mt. St. Mary's.
John Carew Rolfe, A. M. Harvard, Ph. D. Cornell.
Miss Elizabeth E. Slater, A. B. Wellesley.
Henry Stephens Washington, A. M. Yale.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Two of these, Mr. Buck and Mr. Quinn, were
members of the School also during the year 1887-88.

Among the Americans who visited the School at
Athens during the year, and were present at some
of its exercises, were Professor Hale of Cornell, and
Professor Palmer of Harvard with Mrs. Alice Free-
man Palmer.

Mr. Dimitri Staneff, late a student in the Oberlin
Theological Seminary, was admitted to the ordinary
privileges of the School.

Dr. Tarbell reached Athens on September 26, 1888,
and at the beginning of October the work of the
School was opened under his direction. Most of the
exercises of the School were placed in the afternoon
for the convenience of the lady students.

Dr. Waldstein reached Athens on December 18,
and took hold of the work of the School with great
vigor. He began his lectures on the day after his
arrival, and lectured five times a week, — giving place
on one day of the week to Mr. Gardner of the British
School, who lectured on Greek Vases. Students of
the British and German Schools attended Dr. Wald-
stein's lectures. During his stay, Dr. Tarbell's exer-
cises were suspended.

A series of open meetings was instituted and at-
tended by the most prominent archaeologists of
Athens, — Dorpfeld, Gardner, Rangabe, Schliemann,
— by the American and British ministers, and many
others. At the first of these open meetings, of which

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

an account is given in Dr. Tarbell's Report, Dr. Wald-
stein had the high satisfaction of proving his identifica-
tion of a fine marble head on a triangular fragment
of relief which had been recently found in a piece of
mediaeval wall on the Acropolis, showing that this
was the missing head of Iris in the central slab of
the eastern frieze of the Parthenon. This paper of
Dr. Waldstein's was speedily published as a " pre-
print " of the " American Journal of Archaeology,"
and has been distributed to members of the Institute.
A paper which was read by Dr. Tarbell at the same
meeting, on Nd/xot and ^^icr^aTa, has been pub-
lished in the " American Journal of Philology."

Dr. Waldstein was obliged to resume his Cambridge
duties before the end of January, but he returned to
Athens in March.

The formal work of the School closed about April i.
As in former years, the students desired to travel
and explore the country of Greece, — an opportu-
nity which is among the chief advantages of their con-
nection with the School. None remained in the city
of Athens after the time named, except incidentally
and temporarily.

The arrangement for the Direction of the School
during the Academic year 1888-89 proved highly
satisfactory. For most of the year the School was in
charge of the Annual Director, Dr. Tarbell, who
guided with scholarly wisdom the researches of the
students in topography and epigraphy, read with them

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

works of classical literature, and prepared them for
the lectures of the Director, Dr. Waldstein, on plas-
tic art.

When this Committee rendered their last Report,
the matter of the permanent directorship was still
undecided. The fund for the permanent endowment of
the School was not secured, and no final arrangement
could be made. The Committee's desire that Dr.
Waldstein should accept the Directorship was in-
creased by his manifest success in stimulating the
students and in gaining new friends and opportuni-
ties for the School. The Committee were unable to
offer any inducement which could justify him in re-
signing his positions in Cambridge and giving him-
self wholly to the work of the School. They report
with pleasure that Dr. Waldstein will continue to
serve as Director for the next three years, residing
in Athens from the first of January until the first of
April each year, and perhaps longer. He has received
leave of absence from the duties of his Cambridge
lectureship during the Lent Term, and has resigned
the Directorship of the Fitzwilliam Museum, in order
to allow him to accept our invitation. This arrange-
ment is essentially the same as that under which M.
Foucart directs the work of the French School at
- Athens. It is not what we most desired, but is the
best arrangement possible under the circumstances.

This Committee have repeatedly expressed their
purpose not to abandon the system of Annual Direc-

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

tors, which has served well in the past, and prom-
ises to be as useful in the future. The Annual
Director will be in charge of the School during the
absence of Dr. Waldstein. The work of the two
Directors will be mutually complementary, as it has
been during the past year. Both will find profitable
and abundant employment in the service of the
School. The Committee, if funds permitted, would
gladly appoint a permanent Secretary who should
have charge of the business details of the School
in Athens. Such a situation would be very attrac-
tive to a student of archaeology, art, or the classics,
and the incumbent could render important services
in the conduct of the School.

The " American Journal of Archaeology " was
adopted by the Executive Committee in January, 1889,
as an official organ of the School ; and this action
was approved by the Managing Committee at their
May meeting. The Committee trust that this ar-
rangement will secure a speedy publication of scien-
tific papers prepared by the Directors or students,
and at the same time relieve the School of part of
the expense of printing. The papers are now to
be printed and issued separately, but will finally be
gathered and published in volumes.

Besides the paper by Dr. Waldstein on " The Newly
Discovered Head of Iris from the Frieze of the Parthe-
non " (to which reference has been made above), and
that by Dr. Tarbell on " The Decrees of the Demo-

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

tionidae : a Study of the Attic Phratry," six papers
have been published by Mr. Buck on " The Discoveries
in the Attic Deme of Icaria," and one by Mr. Earle on
a new Sicyonian inscription. Other papers are to be
published immediately. Some of these papers have
been illustrated with wood-cuts and with separate
plates.

The project of establishing at Athens an organ
of the School for the more prompt publication of
important discoveries was considered carefully, but
was rejected as for the present unwise under all the
circumstances.

The excavations conducted under the direction of
the School during this year have not been fruitful
of such brilliant discoveries as those of the preceding
year at Icaria, but they have been valuable and encour-
aging, and on a somewhat larger scale than hitherto.
The continued excavations at Icaria in the autumn of
1888 were mainly negative in their results. They
stimulated, however, the interest and zeal of one of the
members of the School, Mr. Washington, who was
intrusted with investigations carried on at his own
expense at two points in the neighborhood of Stamata,
a village to the north of Pentelicon, about halfway
between Kephisia and Marathon. These excava-
tions identified, by means of inscriptions, the site of
the ancient deme Plotheia. Some interesting frag-
ments of sculpture and architecture were also brought
to light.

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

In the spring of 1889, Dr. Rolfe took charge of
excavations in Boeotia, — first for three weeks at
Anthedon, and afterward for a few days at Thisbe.
The campaign at Anthedon laid bare the foundations
of a large and irregular building, of which a portion
had been previously in sight, and which Leake mis-
takenly supposed to be a temple. The foundations
of a small building (perhaps the temple of Dionysus,
Paus. ix. 22, 6) were unearthed; various small objects
of terra-cotta and a large and somewhat important
collection of bronze tools were discovered. Nearly
sixty new inscriptions were found, which will be
published speedily.

The work at Thisbe was comparatively unproduc-
tive.

Near the close of the season, excavations were in-
stituted at Plataea, as described by Dr. Waldstein in
his Report. These were suspended before noteworthy
discoveries had been made in the line of architecture
or sculpture, but not without securing, in a tolerable
state of preservation (although the right half is illegi-
ble), a long fragment of the preamble of Diocletian's
famous edict, De pretiis rerum venalium. This frag-
ment will fill most of the gaps which exist in the
two copies of the preamble which are already known.
No other copy of the edict yet found on Greek soil
has been in Latin.

Dr. Waldstein secured permission for the School
to explore and dig in Arcadia, and plans to avail him-

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

self of this privilege during the coming year, as well
as to continue the excavations at Plataea.

The opportunity of excavating at Delphi was unex-
pectedly placed in our hands by the French Senate's
repeated rejection of the commercial treaty with
Greece, and the consequent failure of the proposed
concession of Delphi to the French. The Com-
mittee and the Directors have been very desirous
and careful to observe every rule of international
and scientific comity; and in view of the French
excavations on that site in former years, Dr. Wald-
stein made no request for the concession until he
learned from the highest authority that the Greeks
regarded the French as having no further claim to
the privilege. Professor Palmer of Harvard Univer-
sity and Professor Hale of Cornell University, who
were in Athens in the early spring, took pains to
ascertain the exact facts, and they agree that the
opportunity is ours not only by law but by equity.
Nothing need be said here to show the extreme
importance and interest of the site, and the various
advantages which would accrue to American scholar-
ship if the honor and service of excavating the site
of Delphi were ours.

The additions to the Library during the last year
were few, and confined mainly to continuations of
works already in the Library and some books of
special importance. The School funds did not allow
a liberal purchase of books ; but the catalogue of the

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. I J

Library was so perfected as to make the really excellent
collection more available and useful to the students.

The students of the past year have been the first
to enjoy the full benefit of the new School building,
which has proved itself admirably suited to its pur-
pose, and has greatly quickened and deepened the
community of scholarly life in connection with the
School. The servant of the School provided the
morning coffee for the students, and thus spared
them the inconvenience of leaving the School build-
ing for breakfast.

The School building during the summer months
was in charge of the trusty Basili, who has been in
the service of the School most of the time since the
year of its organization.

On another page of this Report will be found
a summary statement of the expenditures for the
building of the School at Athens. The cost of the
building has been about thirty thousand dollars.
The excess of the cost over the estimates is ex-
plained partly by the difficulty in forming exact esti-
mates at this distance, but chiefly by the facts that
better materials were used, and that the construction
was made more substantial than had been planned.
The money was wisely expended; the construction
was supervised throughout by an expert. The build-
ing is well worth all it cost. Since the building
fund of the School is entirely distinct from the
endowment fund, the deficiency in the former has

1 8 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

not been permitted to encroach upon the latter, and
the money (about three thousand dollars) required
to cover the deficiency on the building fund has
been borrowed on the personal responsibility of
members of the Committee, and is to be repaid from
income or in other ways.

The Director calls attention to the invariable cour-
tesy which has been shown by all Greek officials.
The people of Greece have proved themselves uni-
formly well disposed to the School. The supervising
architect of our building gives pleasant testimony to
the interest and fidelity of the artisans : " The work-
men would no more have cheated me than they would
have cut off their hands, and they were just as careful
not to let others cheat me."

At its May meeting, the Committee received with
a resolution of regret, coupled with thanks for previous
services, Professor John Williams White's resignation
from the Executive Committee. In this connection,
may find place the following extract from the minutes
of the meeting of May 20, 1887 : —

On motion of Professor Norton, a committee of five was
appointed to consider the resignation of the Chairman, and
to consider the nomination of a new Chairman, as follows :
Professor Norton, Miss Freeman, Professors Drisler and Good-
win, and Mr. de Peyster.

The Committee on the resignation of the Chairman
reported the following Resolutions, which were passed
unanimously: —

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Resolved, That the Committee accept with sincere regret the resig-
nation of Professor White of the position of Chairman of the Commit-
tee, which he has held from the date of its organization ; and

Resolved, That the Committee desire to place upon record their
sense of the admirable manner in which the varied and often complex
duties of his post have been performed by Professor White ; their
recognition of the fact that to his energy and good judgment the suc-
cessful establishment of the School is in large measure due ; and their
wish that while no longer Chairman of the Committee, he may still
assist in its deliberations.

Resolved, That these resolutions be spread upon the minutes of the
Committee,

It was further

Resolved, That Professor White be requested to remain on the
Executive Committee.

Adelbert College of Western Reserve University
has accepted the invitation of the Committee to join
the colleges which are associated in the support of
the American School of Classical Studies at Athens ;
and Professor Bernadotte Perrin, Ph. D., has been
elected to represent this college on the Managing
Committee.

Professor S. Stanhope Orris, L. H. D„ Ewing Pro-
fessor of the Greek Language and Literature in the
College of New Jersey, was unanimously elected by
the Committee as Annual Director for the year
1889-90. Professor Orris spent eight months in
Greece several years ago, and is familiar with the
country and the language. He. has passed this sum-
mer in work in the museums of Europe, and went

20 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

to Athens before the first of September. This last
fact is a sufficient proof of his enthusiasm.

This Committee in their last Report called renewed
attention to the importance of scholarships in our
colleges and universities which would allow the hold-
ers to study in connection with the School at Athens.
They take pleasure in noting that at the University
of Michigan a "Jones Classical Scholarship," with
an income of five hundred dollars, has been founded
in honor of the late Professor Elisha Jones. This
scholarship may be held for two years, and the second
year may be spent in the American School of Classi-
cal Studies at Athens. The first incumbent of this
scholarship expects to spend the year 1890-91 in
Greece.

Vigorous efforts have been made during this year
to complete the fund for the permanent endowment
of the School. The Right Reverend Bishop of New
York invited a number of gentlemen to meet him
on the fourteenth of January at the See House,
where the claims of the School were presented by
Professors Norton, Goodwin, Sloane, and Merriam.
A committee of gentlemen was appointed to solicit
subscriptions both for the endowment of the School
and for excavations. More than fifty thousand dollars
in all has now been subscribed; but a considerable
part of these subscriptions cannot be called in before
the total amount subscribed reaches seventy-five thou-
sand dollars.

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Never were the conditions and prospects of the
School's work in Greece so favorable and bright as at
present. The Managing Committee trust that their
next Report can declare that the School is at last on
a permanent basis with a secured endowment.

THOMAS D. SEYMOUR,

Chairman.

New Haven, Conn., Oct. i, 1889.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

To the Managing Committee of the American School of Classic
cal Studies at Athens: —

Gentlemen, — I beg to make a brief statement of
the work done in the School so far as I have been
connected with it during the last year.

My work with the School may be said to have
begun in October, when Mr. Buck came to Cam-
bridge for the purpose of working up a portion of
the material from the Icarian excavations, and of pre-
paring himself' for their continuation. During his
stay at Cambridge he attended some of my lectures,
and received my assistance in the editing of the
Icarian archaic stele.

I arrived at Athens December 18, to take actual
charge of the School in co-operation with my col-
league, Professor Tarbell. I found that under Mr.
Tarbell the School had been presided over in a
most efficient manner. There were eight students,
who had attended his lectures and exercises, and
had manifestly profited by them. The departments
of Epigraphy and Topography were at my arrival,
and have since remained, in his hands. I leave it
to him to give a more detailed account of the work
of the students.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

On December 19 I gave my first lecture, in the
library of the School. My aim was to prepare the
students, as far as possible, for profitable study of
the works in the Athenian Museums and on the
ancient sites. I began by giving alternately a lec-
ture in the School and a peripatetic lecture in the
Museums. But I soon found that the latter were
the more useful, especially in view of the limited
time during which it was possible for me to remain
at Athens. These lectures were so arranged as to
illustrate the development of Greek art. To them
the students of the other schools were invited, and
several availed themselves of the invitation. At the
same time I arranged with the Director of the
British School, Mr. E. A. Gardner, that he should
begin a course on Greek Ceramic Art. With Dr.
Dorpf eld's topographical and architectural giri, and
Mr. Tarbell's classes in addition, the students may
be said to have had an unusually full course of in-
struction offered them.

In order that another chief object of the School,
the encouragement of original research, might , have
due attention, we decided upon holding fortnightly
meetings on the plan of those of the German Insti-
tute, at which original papers, which aim at being
genuine contributions to science, should be read.
Accordingly, in addition to the subjects already
chosen for the students by Mr. Tarbell, I assigned
some subjects in the history of Greek art to several

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

of them ; among these, a careful comparative analysis
of the drapery and head-dress of the female figures
recently discovered on the Acropolis, to Miss Nor-
cross ; an examination of the relation between chil-
dren and their attendant adult figures on sepulchral
monuments and in later statues, to Mr. Rolfe ; a
treatise on the mineralogy of marbles used in an-
cient sculpture and architecture, to Mr. Washington.

There were two of these fortnightly meetings dur-
ing my stay at Athens, and both were well attended.
For the opening meeting, the authorities in charge of
the national museums and excavations kindly sent
the original of the head of Iris from the frieze of the
Parthenon, together with a cast of the slab in the
British Museum, of which the fragment formed a part,
to illustrate my paper on this subject. This paper
was preceded by my opening address, which was sub-
sequently translated into Greek and printed in full
in the official daily paper, eH *nPa> Mr. Tarbell at
this meeting read a paper on Attic No/xoi and
^(^tcr/xara. At the second meeting Mr. Buck pre-
sented a paper on an Icarian inscription ; Mr. Tarbell
announced the work done at Stamata, and com-
mented on the inscriptions there found; and I read
notes on a number of the most interesting works
of sculpture in the Museums of Athens, dwelling
upon the series of archaic male figures in the Cen-
tral Museum, which series presents an unbroken
record of the early development of sculpture, and

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

when supplemented by the Strangford " Apollo" in
the British Museum, is the most instructive series
for the study of this period. I also drew attention
to the necessity of considering these statues in con-
nection with the female figures recently discovered
on the Acropolis, if light is to be thrown upon the
position of the latter. I commented also upon a series
of heads illustrating the art of the fourth century b. c,
which are scattered among the Museums of Athens.

As regards the third main department of School
work, Excavation and Exploration, my first duty was
to visit Dionysos (Icaria), in order to supplement
on the art side the work of Professor Merriam and
Mr. Buck. At the earliest opportunity I visited this
site with Mr. Buck, Mr. Rolfe, and Mr. Washing-
ton. We took notes of the sculptures on the spot,
which will be incorporated in Mr. Buck's work, and
I endeavored to render him every assistance in read-
ing up the subject in preparation for publication.
We visited Stamata and decided to carry on some ex-
cavations. Mr. Washington offered to provide the
funds and to supervise the work; and permission
having readily been secured, the work was at once
taken in hand, with the result, of which you are
already aware, of fixing the site of the ancient deme
Plotheia. Mr. Washington's account of the excava-
tions will be published shortly.

I wish to take this occasion to express the thanks
which the School owes to the Greek authorities for

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

the encouragement and help offered us during the
current year. From the Prime Minister down to
the humblest official we have always met with cour-
tesy and not unfrequently with generosity. Among
these authorities I must single out Mr. Kabbadias,
the Director-General of Museums and Excavations,
who has proved himself a true well-wisher of the
American School.

Besides my regular work as Director, much time
was taken up by official and semi-official visits and
correspondence ; and I am beginning to realize that
this department of the Directors duties will require
a certain amount of organization in order not to in-
terfere with his more immediate duties. As Director
of the School, I was one of a committee of five ap-
pointed by the Greek Government to decide upon the
steps to be taken for the general preservation of what
has been found on the Acropolis, and for the plan of
future work and excavations on and around this site.

I left Athens for Cambridge in the third week of
January, and returned on my second .visit in the
third week of March. During my absence Mr. Tar-
bell continued his instruction and presided at the
meetings of the School. Upon my second arrival,
both lectures and meetings were discontinued, as
most of the students were travelling or engaged in
independent work.

During my second stay in Greece, I devoted my-
self chiefly to supervision of the excavations that were

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

being carried on by the School. On my first visit I
obtained from the Greek Government permission to
excavate at Plataea, Anthedon, and Thisbe. Anthe-
don and Thisbe were chosen because of information
which the Director-General of Excavations was good
enough to communicate to me. The site on which I
was most anxious to excavate was Plataea ; and I felt
that it was the safest to work upon, inasmuch as the
careful study of the topography of a site possessing
so much historical interest could not fail to produce
results of scientific value.

The excavations at Anthedon, about which a fuller
report will be sent to the Committee, were carried on
by Mr. Rolfe and Mr. Buck, and were completed be-
fore I arrived at Athens. At that time Mr. Rolfe was
engaged in excavating at Thisbe ; and I decided to
make a tour of inspection with Mr. Tarbell, in order
to see what had been done, and to determine upon what
was to be done in future. Our financial position with
regard to excavations had now become much more
favorable than when we undertook our work ; for
besides the money in hand, Professor Merriam had
kindly advanced the sum of $500 in anticipation of
the like sum to be paid by the American Archaeo-
logical Institute, and I had been successful in raising
funds privately. Mr. H. G. Marquand sent me a check
for $100, and Mr. Wesley Harper and other friends
of the School sent $450, which they had collected
for the furtherance of explorations at Plataea.

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Before my departure from Athens, there was much
business to be attended to, not the least important
having to do with the possibility of our obtaining
permission to excavate at Delphi. This question
had assumed a new phase. Before my arrival in
December, I was not aware that there were any
prospects of our taking up the work of exploring
that site. At the time of my arrival at Athens, I
heard that the right to excavate at Delphi had been
offered to the American School. Through Mr.
Fearn, the American minister at Athens, and Mr.
Tricoupis, I was enabled to acquaint myself with the
conditions and circumstances of this undertaking.
The conclusions I formed, together with the grounds
upon which my opinion was based, I embodied in a
letter addressed to a member of your Committee.
It was my opinion that under the circumstances it
was undesirable for the School to stand in the way
of the French School, if there was any prospect of
their securing the concession, and I urged that it was
the duty of our School to guard the rights of sci-
entific and international courtesy. The conditions
upon which this opinion was based, were, however,
soon changed. The first intimation of this change
came to me before I left Athens, at the close of my
first visit. I was then informed that the Govern-
ment was negotiating with an Austrian bank for
the right of establishing a lottery from which the
Greek Archaeological Society would receive the sum

3<3 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

of 3,000,000 francs. These funds would enable the
Greeks to investigate the site of Delphi themselves;
but I suggested the possibility of co-operation be-
tween the American School and the Greek Archaeo-
logical Society. While in England I learned that
there was no prospect of realizing such co-operation,
and that the Greek Society was in a fair way to
undertake the excavation themselves. But upon my
arrival in March, I learned, first, that the lottery
scheme had failed, or was at least postponed ; second,
that there was no prospect of the right to excavate
being conferred upon the French ; and third, that
there was a willingness to grant it to the Ameri-
cans. Under these circumstances, I felt at liberty to
examine the question anew, with a view to obtaining
the grant for the American School. I had an inter-
view with the Prime Minister, Mr. Tricoupis, and he
kindly sent me the official valuation of Delphi as
made by the Greek authorities and by the French
engineers. The total of the estimate in the Greek
valuation reached the figure of 538,802 drachmas,
and of the French engineers, 431,180 drachmas. I
was allowed to keep the papers, and I decided to
take them, as well as Pomtow's book on Delphi,
which had just appeared, and to inspect Delphi be-
fore I returned to Athens.

I may add that, after leaving Greece, I heard from
an eminent French authority that the French were
not likely to be in a position to undertake the exca-

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 31

vation, even if the Greek Government gave permis-
sion. He expressed the hope that in the interest of
science some responsible body would soon under-
take and perform the work. I wrote to the French
minister at Athens, offering to meet him or the au-
thorities of the French School at Athens at any place
in France appointed by him, in order to explain the
situation and to pay due regard to the courtesy which
ought to be sustained between the Schools.

On March 29 I started with Mr. Tarbell for
Thebes, where he left me to join Mr. Rolfe at Thisbe,
while I proceeded to inspect the site of Plataea. The
greatest drawback of Plataea as a site for excavation
is the enormous extent of the town walls, and, as
yet, the absence of any clew to the situation of any
of the important ancient buildings. It was too late
in the season to begin excavations on a large scale ;
but I decided that it was desirable to make tentative
diggings at once in order at least to ascertain whether
it would be worth our while to continue next season.
I then rode by way of Eremokastro (Thespiae) to
Thisbe, where I arrived on March 31. Mr. Tarbell
and I inspected the work done under Mr. Rolfe (of
which a fuller report will be sent), and we all agreed
that it was not advisable to continue excavations
there. Accordingly we started early next day with
a caravan carrying the tools, accompanied by a num-
ber of the workmen from Thebes and Kakosia, over
the mountains for Plataea, where we arrived that even-

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

ing. We immediately engaged additional workmen,
and at six o'clock the next morning (April 2), we
began work with sixty-three men. Our aim was to
arrive at some clew, be it architectural, epigraphical,
or artistic, which would enable us to determine the
ancient Hellenic portions of the town, upon which we
could then concentrate our forces. Ruined Byzantine
churches are notably favorable store-houses of such
indications. Plataea possesses no less than nine such
ruined churches. Accordingly we divided our men
into three parties. Mr. Tarbell began digging in and
about a small church outside the wall at the north-
eastern side of the town, close to an elevation that
looked as if it had been the ancient site of some im-
portant edifice ; Mr. Rolfe went to work at a church
within the walls, to the south of the one upon which
Mr. Tarbell was engaged; while I dug in and about
a church beside the northeast wall of the city, at a
point which I thought might possibly be the site of
the ancient Propylaea. In the afternoon Mr. Tarbell
and I found it desirable to shift our positions, choos-
ing the two churches within the wall on the north-
east side, near the spot which Leake assigns to the
acropolis ; while Mr. Rolfe continued digging on his
site during this day and part of the next, going to a
considerable depth, and finding several inscriptions
and late sepulchral slabs. At noon the next day our
work was interrupted by rain ; but it having cleared
up shortly before sunset, I utilized the remaining half-

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 33

hour by employing all hands in clearing away the
rubbish from the ruins of a church near the well
outside the walls, on the road to the village of Kokla,
near which appeared a few stones of classical architec-
ture, and one fair, though late, sepulchral slab. The
next day Mr. Tarbell left us ; but before going, he
cleared away the rubbish from a ruined church at
the south end of the walls, where Vischer places
the ancient city. On April 5 Mr. Rolfe and I re-
sumed our trial excavations at the northeast end,
which seemed on the whole the most promising place.
Mr. Rolfe sunk trenches in various directions to de-
termine if possible the nature of some of the walls,
traces of which were manifest on the soil ; while I con-
tinued working at the church at which Mr. Tarbell
had been digging in the afternoon of the first day.
This church (the walls of which were all under ground)
appeared to me of considerable interest, not only for
the promise it gave with regard to classical remains,
but also for the light it may throw upon Byzantine
architecture. As it now stands, it appears to have
been built upon and out of the ruins of an earlier
Byzantine church, as some interesting architectural
fragments of Byzantine work were found immured in
the walls, as well as a number of blocks of marble
cornices and architraves belonging to a classical build-
ing of considerable importance, besides several in-
scriptions. Accordingly, as we were compelled to
bring these tentative explorations to an end by the

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

6th of April, Mr. Rolfe and I joined forces at the
church, and at the close of that day we came upon a
Latin inscription of fifty-four lines, forming part of
the pavement of the church, which proved to be a
portion of the edict of Diocletian De pretiis rerum
venalium, the only one in Latin found in Greece
proper. It will be advisable to continue the excava-
tions at this church next season, carrying them to
considerable depth. I am now in possession, too, of
some other clews that may simplify the task in the
future. But whatever may be the immediate results of
the excavations as such, a careful study, extended over
at least three weeks, of the topography of the walls of
the city in their present state is urgently called for,
as all the work hitherto done and published fails to
present a satisfactory description of a city which is as
interesting to students of classical topography and
history as it is intricate in plan. Mr. Rolfe and I
spent half of the next day (April 7) in examining the
work at Plataea, — he carefully copying the inscription
and taking squeezes ; and we then set off by Thebes,
Lebadeia, and Arachova for Delphi, where we arrived
on the evening of April 9. We immediately began
our inspection and carried it on through the next day.

I also met the chief representatives of the village and
conferred with them as to the terms which they de-
manded and which they ought to demand. On April

I I we returned to Athens by Itea. I then had further
communication with Mr. Tricoupis, with the result

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

that he promises personally, as Prime Minister, to
reserve the privilege of excavating Delphi for the
American School till the end of December of this
year, provided funds can be raised to expropriate the
village of Castri. There is no doubt that the exca-
vation of Delphi will be a gigantic operation ; but as
far as it is possible to predict in such matters, it looks
as though it would repay any sacrifice. The work
would require a large staff of experts, beginning with
an entirely competent engineer, and must be done
thoroughly if at all. It now remains to be seen whether
there is in America any man possessed of sufficient
enthusiasm for the great past of Hellenic civilization
who is able and willing to associate his name with one
of the greatest undertakings in the excavations of
classic sites, to be classed only with those of Olym-
pia and Pompeii.

Dr. Dorpfeld beginning his girt in Peloponnesus
on April 14, I availed myself of the opportunity to
examine in his company some of the sites which he
had himself excavated, with a view to instructing
myself in his system of carrying on such work. We
visited Corinth, Epidaurus, Tiryns, Argos, and My-
cenae, and I returned to Athens on April 17. As
being, perhaps, part of my official duties, I may
mention that I have been asked by the Greek authori-
ties to write a Report on the formation of the Mu-
seum of Casts which it is designed to establish at
Athens. I was busy with the affairs of the School

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

till April 20, when I left Athens, proceeding to Con-
stantinople on my way to England, in order to es-
tablish friendly relations with Hamdi Bey, the leader
in archaeological matters in the Turkish empire.

CHARLES WALDSTEIN,

Director.

REPORT OF THE ANNUAL DIRECTOR.

To the Managing Committee of the American School of Clas-
sical Studies at Athens : —

Gentlemen, — I have the honor to submit the fol-
lowing Report:

Eight students have been connected with the
School for longer or shorter periods during the year
1888-89; namely, Messrs. Buck, Quinn, Rolfe, Kalo-
pothakes, Lodge, Washington, and Misses Norcross
and Slater. At the time of writing, Messrs. Buck,
Quinn, Rolfe, Lodge, and Washington have left
Greece. Miss Norcross goes this week to Italy, and
Miss Slater to Volo. The only one of the eight
who will have spent the whole time from October 1
to May 31 in Greek lands is Mr. Kalopothakes.

Except during the time of Dr. Waldstein's first visit,
I held three exercises a week with the students till
toward the end of the winter. One of these exercises
was devoted to the architectural remains of ancient
Athens, one to inscriptions, and one to reading Greek
(Aeschylus' Persae, Pausanias, Plutarch's Pericles).

The meetings organized by Dr. Waldstein for the
presentation of papers were kept up after his de-
parture, though it proved impossible to hold them

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

regularly once a fortnight as he proposed. Five
such meetings in all were held, with the following
programmes : —

I. Dr. Waldstein, The Head of Iris from the Parthenon
Frieze. Dr. Tarbell, No/mot and Wrj^la/jLara.
II. Mr. Buck, The Choregia at Icaria. Dr. Tarbell, Dedi-
catory Inscriptions from the Deme Plotheia. Dr.
Waldstein, Notes on the Athenian Museums.

III. Mr. Buck, The Topography of Epacria. Dr. Rolfe,

Notes on the Epidaurian Architectural Inscription.

IV. Mr. Lodge, The Psephism Relating to the Temple of

Aphrodite Pandemus in Athens. Mr. Quinn, Aegi-
planctus and Arachnaeum. Dr. Tarbell, The Attic
Phratries.

V. Mr. W. J. Stillman, Evidences of Prehistoric Civiliza-
tion in Italy and Greece.

These meetings were attended by a considerable
number of archaeologists living in Athens, as well as
by the members of the School.

Most of the students have submitted or will sub-
mit special theses. Mr. Buck, besides completing his
account of the Icarian discoveries, will edit jointly
with me the inscriptions found at Anthedon. Mr.
Rolfe will report on the excavations conducted by
him in Boeotia, and will edit with me the inscrip-
tions found at Thisbe and Plataea. Mr. Washington
has prepared an account of the work done at his own
expense at Stamata. Mr. Kalopothakes is writing on
Greek and Graeco-Roman Propylaea, Miss Norcross
on the Archaic Female Statues found on the Acropo-

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

lis, Miss Slater on Country Life in Attica in the fifth
and fourth centuries b. c. Mr. Quinn has promised
a paper on the Modern Greek Language.

The library has received during the year a number
of gifts ; namely, from the Society of Dilettanti, Pen-
rose's Athenian Architecture (2d ed.) ; from Mme.
Z. A. Ragozin, Chaldea, Assyria, and Media (in the
Story of the Nations Series) ; from Mr. H. S. Wash-
ington, Neumann und Partsch's Physikalische Geo-
graphic von Griechenland, and Olivier's Grammaire
Elementaire du Grec Moderne ; from Dr. Waldstein,
Mahaffy's Greek Life and Thought, and Baedeker's
Greece (Eng. ed.) ; from Mr. Staneff, Lansing's Arabic
Manual ; from Professor G. N. Hatzidakes, a volume
containing two essays by himself on the modern
Greek language ; from Mr. Kampouroglos, 'laropia
tcov ' AOrjvaCcov (I., II.); from Dr. J. C. Rolfe, Macau-
lay's Lays of Ancient Rome and Adams's Greek
Prepositions ; from Mr. C. D. Buck, Maspero's Arche-
ologie Egyptienne ; from the Trustees of the British
Museum, Catalogue of Greek Coins (Corinth, etc.);
from Mr. D. Quinn, Kontopoulos's 'AOavaaia rrjs
'EWrjvLKrjs TXaxTcrrjS.

I have bought very few books, except such as had
been subscribed for before I came.

The whole library has been rearranged, the shelves
have been provided with numbers, and the books
and catalogue-cards have been marked with the ap-
propriate shelf-numbers.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

I have had photographs struck off from most of
the negatives in the possession of the School. These
have been mounted on thin cardboard, and are de-
posited in one of the library drawers.

Dr. Waldstein's Report tells of the excavations
which were conducted during the year. Mr. Buck
finished his work at Dionysos without important new
discoveries. Mr. Washington's explorations at Sta-
mata were of value chiefly as fixing the site of the
deme Plotheia. The work at Anthedon brought to
light the substructions of two buildings, some twenty-
five bronze tools, a few small objects in terra-cotta,
and fifty or sixty new inscriptions.

At Thisbe and Plataea were found twenty-five or
thirty new inscriptions, of which the most important
is a large fragment of the preamble to Diocletian's
Edict De pretiis rerum venalium. The $500 given by
the Archaeological Institute last autumn covered ex-
penses at Dionysos, Anthedon, and Thisbe. The
expenses at Plataea were paid out of money collected
by Dr. Waldstein.

F. B. TARBELL,
Annual Director for 1888-89.

Athens, April 29, 1889.

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

6 *i-^o

vo ^

O N lt> O

O C\N O

6 ^ d vd

O «J-k LT> CO

LO CO

CO
<

000000000000000
oqoooooooqooooo

o 0 o 6 o o o o o d 6 0 0 0 o

t-ou-iu-^O "-ou-iloi-ololoo «o >-o "-o u-»

CO
CO

CO
'CO

ON
CO

CO
CO
CO

<v "jo ,

'53 ^ o

bJO > K
(1) > ^

4) w

.0 a.>*n o S *s "7 U c

3
"C

^ rt
b^ bj0^ 3

<u o

CD en

F c

rt F ^

co w
a p

. X3 O -i +j

3 rt-H S
.♦J O ^ ^ .O ^

£ "coo • « -2 t*>w

s„

o -

r 1 03 is

VO N O N

1- N M

n- o o
000
vd 0 0

CO o

^ CO

O M
10

OOOOOOoOco1-'-!
O ON >o O o O o ^nvo On o

o n n dcooLod^dcoN

co O « N VO CO vO On
CO _ h „ n

to «o

CO ^

m >o
1- 10

~ 2 ^
c 5

rt too bfl |- 2 „

O 5 - O d,
O ^ 3 3X1 1>
CQ &h fit Oh .

o _

w rt

£ 0

o CD

<L) CO
w bJO <U

<u PQ
u w

TO y
3 ">

to ,

OJ 1

> -

a „
cfl rt

O) u

Cl, X X „

X , rt a; m rt ^

<u rt S C -j.b
o & P ^",1,

0) O O <U ^ ^
CO Cln U CO

b a^.t;
° Si

*-> w .S 4J

fill

£ y o rt

CO .

Oh 9*
X

> ^
o o

u- O
O

rt rt

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

A Brief Statement of the Expenditures for the Building of the
American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1886-89.

Materials purchased in America

Services and office expenses in America ....

Freight to Athens, and delivery

Materials and labor in Athens (124,360.71 dr.) . .

Architect's expenses in Athens .

Total cost of Building

As has been stated in previous Reports of the School, liberal gifts
have been received for the building, among which the following may
be enumerated here : from Messrs. J. B. and J. M. Norcross, the iron
staircase, extending from cellar to roof ; from the Hopkins and Dickin-
son Manufacturing Company, all the hardware required for the build-
ing ; from the Sanitas Company, plumbing-fittings ; from Messrs. A. H.
Davenport and Company, and from Messrs. Norcross Brothers, hand-
some mantel-pieces for the library and the dining-room, respectively ;
from the Belcher Mosaic Glass Co., and from Mr. W. J. McPherson,
decorative panels for the outer door, and a beautiful window for the
staircase ; from Mr. E. H. Kendall, a mantel-piece for another room.

The land on which the building stands, a plot of about an acre and
a half in area, is a most munificent gift of the Greek Government.
It adjoins the land similarly given to the British School of Archaeology,
on the southern slope of Mount Lycabettus, commanding an extensive
and beautiful prospect, from Hymettus over the Aegean, with Aegina
and the mountains of Argolis, to Salamis. The Acropolis stands
out boldly in the middle ground.

The building contains the library, the usual place of assembly for
the school, a beautiful light room about thirty feet square, and beneath
this a number of rooms for students, and in the basement conven-
iences for photographic work. Independent of the library wing is
the main building, about fifty feet square, with a fine entrance hall and
monumental staircase, the large drawing-room and the study, and an
ample suite of living-rooms for the Director of the School. In the
upper story there are two loggias for summer and winter use, and
the flat roof affords upon occasion a delightful place for enjoying the
view and the air.

$ 5,666.91
1,500.98
1,902.37
I9.37S-40
1,243.40

^29,689.06

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS.

OCTOBER, 1889.

The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, founded by
the Archaeological Institute of America, and organized under the
auspices of some of the leading American Colleges, was opened Octo-
ber 2, 1882. During the first five years of its existence it occupied
a hired house on the eOS6? 'AfxaXtas in Athens, near the ruins of the
Olympieion. A large and convenient building has now been erected
for the School on a piece of land, granted by the generous liberality of
the Government of Greece, on the southeastern slope of Mount Lyca-
bettus, adjoining the ground already occupied by the English School.
This permanent home of the School, built by the subscriptions of its
friends in the United States, was ready for occupation early in 1888.

The advantages of the School are offered free of expense for tuition
to graduates of the Colleges co-operating in its support, and to other

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

A peculiar feature of the temporary organization of the School dur-
ing its first six years, which has distinguished it from the older German
and French Schools at Athens, has been the yearly change of Director.
This arrangement, by which a new Director has been sent out each year
by one of the co-operating Colleges, was never looked upon as perma-
nent. The School will henceforth be under the control of a permanent
Director, who by continuous residence at Athens will accumulate that
body of local and special knowledge without which the highest purpose
of such a school cannot be fulfilled, while an Annual Director also will
be sent out each year by one of the Colleges to assist in the conduct of
the School. (See Regulation V.) The School has been able, even under
its temporary organization, to meet a most pressing want, and to be of
service to classical scholarship in America. It has sought at first, and
it must continue to seek for the present, rather to arouse a lively inter-
est in classical archaeology in American Colleges than to accomplish
distinguished achievements. The lack of this interest has heretofore
been conspicuous ; but without it the School at Athens, however well
endowed, can never accomplish the best results. A decided improve-
ment in this respect is already apparent ; and it is beyond question
that the presence in many American Colleges of professors who have
been resident a year at Athens under favorable circumstances, as an-
nual directors or as students of the School, has done much, and will
do still more, to stimulate intelligent interest in classic antiquity.

The address of the Chairman of the Managing Committee is
Thomas D. Seymour, New Haven, Conn. ; that of the Secretary,
Thomas W. Ludlow, Yonkers, N. Y.

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

REGULATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF
CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

OCTOBER, 1889.

II. The School is in charge of a Managing Committee. This Com-
mittee, which was originally appointed by the Archaeological Institute,
disburses the annual income of the School, and has power to add to
its membership and to make such regulations for the government of
the School as it may deem proper. The President of the Archaeo-
logical Institute and the Director and Annual Director of the School
are ex-officio members of the Committee.

III. The Managing Committee meets semi-annually, — in New
York on the third Friday in November, and in Boston on the third
Friday in May. Special meetings may be called at any time by the
Chairman.

2. Each year the Committee appoints from the instructors of the
Colleges uniting in the support of the School an Annual Director,
who resides in Athens during the ensuing year and co-operates in

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

the conduct of. the School. In case of the illness or absence of the
Director, the Annual Director acts as Director for the time being.

VIII. Bachelors of Arts of co-operating Colleges, and all Bachelors
of Arts who have studied at one of these Colleges as candidates for a
higher degree, are admitted to membership in the School on present-
ing to the Committee a certificate from the instructors in classics of
the College at which they have last studied, stating that they are com-
petent to pursue an independent course of study at Athens under the
advice of the Director. All other persons who desire to become
members of the School must make application to the Committee.
Members of the School are subject to no charge for tuition. The
Committee reserves the right to modify the conditions of member-
ship.

X. All work of excavation, of investigation, or of any other kind
done by any student in connection with the School shall be regarded
as done for the School and by the School, and shall be under the

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

supervision and control of the Director, who shall also, in conjunction
with the Committee on Publications, supervise and control all publi-
cation of the results (including communications to public journals),
giving full acknowledgment for work done by the student.

XI. When any member of the School has completed one or more
full years of study, the results of which have been approved by the
Director, he receives a certificate stating the work accomplished by
him, signed by the Director of the School, the President of the
Archaeological Institute, and the Chairman and the Secretary of the
Managing Committee.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF
CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

1882-1889.

First, Second, and Third Annual Reports of the Managing Commit-
tee, 1881-84. pp. 30.

Fourth Annual Report of the Committee, 1884-85. pp. 30.

Fifth and Sixth Annual Reports of the Committee, 1885-87.
pp. 56.

Seventh Annual Report of the Committee, 1887-88, with the
Report of Professor D'Ooge (Director in 1886-87) an<^ tnat of
Professor Merriam (Director in 1887-88). pp. 115.

Bulletin I. Report of Professor William W. Goodwin, Director of
the School in 1882-83. pp. 33. Price 25 cents.

Bulletin II. Memoir of Professor Lewis R. Packard, Director of
the School in 1883-84, with Resolutions of the Committee and the
Report for 1883-84. pp. 34. Price 25 cents.

Preliminary Report of an Archaeological Journey made in Asia
Minor during the Summer of 1884. By Dr. J. R. S. Sterrett.
pp. 45. Price 25 cents.

PAPERS OF THE SCHOOL.

Volume I. 1882-83. Published in 1885. 8vo. pp. viii and 262.
Illustrated. Price $2.00.

Contents : —

1. Inscriptions of Assos, edited by J. R. S. Sterrett.

2. Inscriptions of Tralleis, edited by J. R. S. Sterrett.

3. The Theatre of Dionysus, by James R. Wheeler.

4. The Olympieion at Athens, by Louis Bevier.

5. The Erechtheion at Athens, by Harold N. Fowler.

6. The Battle of Salamis, by William W. Goodwin.

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Volume II., 1883-84. containing Dr. J. R. S. Sterrett's Report of
his Journey in Asia Minor in 1884, with Inscriptions, and two new
Maps by Professor H. Kiepert. Published in 1888. 8vo. pp. 344.
Price $2.25.

Volume IV. 1885-86. Published in 1888. 8vo. pp. 277. Illus-
trated. Price $2.00.

Contents : —

1. The Theatre of Thoricus, Preliminary Report, by Walter Miller.

2. The Theatre of Thoricus, Supplementary Report, by William L. Cushing.

3. On Greek Versification in Inscriptions, by Frederic D. Allen.

4. The Athenian Pnyx, by John M. Crow ; with a Survey of the Pnyx and
Notes, by Joseph Thacher Clarke.

5. Notes on Attic Vocalism, by J. McKeen Lewis.

CIRCULAR OF INFORMATION FOR STUDENTS WHO
PROPOSE TO JOIN THE SCHOOL.

OCTOBER, 1889.

Students in Athens will find a knowledge of German and French
of the utmost service in all their work.

The books in the following lists of which the titles are printed in
the larger type are recommended to students as an introduction to the
different branches of Greek Archaeology. The more special works,
whose titles are printed in smaller type, are recommended as books
of reference and for students whose department of special study is
already determined.

LIST OF BOOKS.
GENERAL WORKS.

Pausanias.

Collignon : Manual of Greek Archaeology (translated by J. H.
Wright).

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Guhl and Koner : Life of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.
Baumeister : Denkmaler des klassischen Altertums.
C. O. Miiller : Ancient Art and its Remains.
Taine : Philosophic de l'Art en Grece.

S. Reinach : Manuel de Philologie classique.

Stark : Systematik und Geschichte der Archaologie der Kunst.

C. T. Newton : Essays on Art and Archaeology.

Burnouf : Me moires sur l'Antiquite.

Boeckh-Fr'ankel : Die Staatshaushaltung der Athener.

K. F. Hermann : Lehrbuch der griechischen Antiquitaten.

Daremberg et Saglio : Dictionnaire des Antiquites.

Pottier et Reinach : La Necropole de Myrina.

Beule : L'Art grec avant Pericles.

Ruskin : Aratra Pentelici.

ARCHITECTURE.
Durm : Die Baukunst der Griechen.

Von Reber : History of Ancient Art (translated by Clarke).

Penrose : Principles of Athenian Architecture, 2d ed.

Michaelis : Der Parthenon.

Fergusson : The Parthenon.

Bohn: Die Propylaeen der Akropolis zu Athen.

Boutmy : Philosophie de l'Architecture en Grece.

Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America. Report on the Investiga-
tions at Assos.

SCULPTURE.

Mrs. Lucy M. Mitchell : History of Ancient Sculpture.
A. S. Murray : History of Greek Sculpture.
Overbeck : Geschichte der griechischen Plastik.
Overbeck : Die antiken Schriftquellen zur Geschichte der bildenden
Kiinste.

Waldstein : Essays on the Art of Pheidias.
Petersen : Die Kunst des Pheidias.
Collignon : Phidias.

Brunn : Geschichte der griechischen Kunstler.
Heuzey: Catalogue des Terres Cuites clu Louvre.

Friedrichs-Wolters : Bausteine zur Geschichte der griechisch-romischen
Plastik.

P. Paris : La Sculpture Antique.

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

VASES.

Rayet et Collignon : Histoire de la Ceramique grecque.
Dumont et Chaplain : Les Ceramiques de la Grece propre.
Furtwangler und Loeschcke : Mykenische Vasen.

Birch : History of Ancient Pottery.

Von Rohden : Vasenkunde, in Baumeister's Denkmaler.
Furtwangler: Vasensammlung im Antiquarium (Berlin).
Klein : Euphronios.

Klein : Die griechischen Vasen mit Meistersignaturen.

COINS.

Percy Gardner : Types of Greek Coins.
Head : Historia Numorum.

Catalogues of Coins of the British Museum.

EPIGRAPHY.
Roberts : Introduction to Greek Epigraphy.
Dittenberger : Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum.

Kirchhoff : Geschichte des griechischen Alphabets.
Hicks : Greek Historical Inscriptions.
S. Reinach : Traite d'Epigraphie grecque.

Hinrichs : Griechische Epigraphik, in Midler's Handbuch der Altertumswis-
senschaft, Vol. I.

Cauer : Delectus Inscriptionum Graecarum.

Collitz : Sammlung der griechischen Dialektinschriften.

Meisterhans : Grammatik der attischen Inschriften.

G. Meyer : Griechische Grammatik.

Roehl : Inscriptiones Graecae Antiquissimae.

Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum.

Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum.

Loewy : Inschriften griechischer Bildhauer.

Reinach : Conseils au Voyageur archeologue en Grece.

TOPOGRAPHY.
Baedeker: Greece (latest edition) .
Guides Joanne : Athenes et ses environs (latest edition).
Curtius und Kaupert : Atlas von Athen.
Curtius und Kaupert : Karten von Attika (erlauternder Text).

Bursian : Geographie von Griechenland.
Tozer : Geography of Greece.

Lolling : Topographie von Griechenland, in Midler's Handbuch der Alter-
tumswissenschaft, Vol. III.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Leake : Travels in Northern Greece.
Leake : Topography of Athens.
Leake : Travels in the Morea.
E. Curtius : Peloponnesos.

Jahn-Michaelis : Pausaniae descriptio arcis Athenarum, 1880.

Wachsmuth: Die Stadt Athen im Alterthum.

Hertzberg: Athen.

Dyer : Ancient Athens.

Burnouf : La Ville et l'Acropole d'Athenes.

Botticher : Die Akropolis von Athen.

Botticher : Olympia.

Pomtow : Beitrage zur Topographie von Delphi.
(Murray's Handbook for Travellers in Greece.)

MYTHOLOGY.
Preller : Griechische Mythologie.

Roscher : Lexikon der griechischen und romischen Mythologie.
Seemann : Mythologie der Griechen und Romer.
Collignon : Mythologie figuree de la Grece.
Decharme : Mythologie de la Grece antique.

Welcker : Griechische Gotterlehre.
(Burnouf: La Legende athenienne.)
(Ruskin: Queen of the Air.)

PERIODICALS.

Bulletin de Correspondance hellenique.

Mittheilungen des deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts.

Jahrbuch des deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts.

American Journal of Archaeology.

Journal of Hellenic Studies.

'E^/xepis ' KpyaioXoyiKiq.

UpaKTLKa rrjs iv 'A^j/cus 'Ap^atoAoytK^? 'Eraipta?.
AcXtlov 'ApxaioXoyiKov.

Archaeologisch-epigraphische Mittheilungen aus Oesterreich.
Revue Archeologique.
Gazette Archeologique.

MODERN GREEK.

Vincent and Dickson : Handbook to Modern Greek.
Contopoulos : Modern Greek and English Lexicon.
Jannarakis : Neugriechisch-deutsches Worterbuch.

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

TRAVEL AND EXPENSES.

Students wishing to travel from the United States to Athens with the greatest
economy of time and money are advised to sail from New York to Havre, Ant-
werp, Bremen, or Hamburg. The cost of the sea voyage varies from $40 to
$125. From the port of landing the journey to Athens may be made for about
$100 (first class) or $65 (second class), including ordinary expenses. Three
routes are available for the voyage to Athens upon the Mediterranean, — from
Marseilles, by the Messageries Maritimes steamers, or by the Fraissinet or
Florio-Rubattino line; from Brindisi, by Greek or Italian steamers or the Aus-
trian Lloyd ; from Trieste, by the Austrian Lloyd. Before securing passage
by any of these lines, care should be taken to ascertain that the Greek Govern-
ment has not established a quarantine against the port of departure. Quaran-
tined ports are to be avoided if possible, as the delay on landing from them is
tedious and costly.

It is hot advisable to attempt to sail directly from New York to the Piraeus
during the summer months, on account of the danger of quarantine. The voy-
age by this route (by the Florio steamers), which is to be recommended at other
seasons, takes about three weeks, and costs $150 (first class).

At the large hotels in Athens, board and lodging can be obtained for $14 per
week; at small hotels and in private families for $5 50 per week and upward.
A limited number of students may have rooms, without board, in the new School
building. The figures here given represent maximum estimates, and careful
economy may reduce actual expenses below them. The student should go well
supplied with clothing and similar necessities for his stay, as all such articles
are expensive in Athens ; and in providing these he must not count too much
on a warm climate during the winter. He should encumber himself with as few
books as possible in travelling ; the School library, which now contains more
than sixteen hundred volumes, provides all the books that are most essential for
study in Greece.

Members of the School are required to study in Athens, or in such Greek lands
as the Director of the School may approve, between October 1 and June x.

^itjmolojgifal Institute of Omenta.

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT

OK THE

MANAGING COMMITTEE

OF THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS.

1889-90.
JSKitfj tfje 2ftqjorts of

CHARLES WALDSTEIN, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D., Director,

AND

S. STANHOPE ORRIS, Ph.D., L.H.D., Annual Director.
1

CAMBRIDGE:
JOHN WILSON AND SON.

1890.

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES
AT ATHENS.

JHanagmu Committee.

1889-90.

Thomas D. Seymour {Chairman), Yale University, New Haven,
Conn.

H. M. Baird, University of the City of New York, New York City.

I. T. Beckwith, Trinity College, Hartford, Conn.

Francis Brown, Union Theological Seminary, 1200 Park Ave., New
York City.

Miss A. C. Chapin, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.

Martin L. D"Ooge, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Henry Drisler, Columbia College, 48 West 46th St., New York City.

O. M. Fernald, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass.

A. F. Fleet, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.

Basil L. Gildersleeve, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

William W. Goodwin, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

William G. Hale, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Albert Harkness, Brown University, Providence, R. I.

William A. Lamberton, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

Miss Abby Leach, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Seth Low (ex officio : President of the Archaeological Institute of

America), Columbia College, New York City.
Thomas W. Ludlow (Secretary), Cottage Lawn, Yonkers, N. Y.
Richard H. Mather,* Amherst College, Amherst, Mass.

* Died April 16, 1S90.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Augustus C. Merriam {Chairman of Committee on Publications),
Columbia College, 640 Madison Ave., New York City.

Charles Eliot Norton, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

S. Stanhope Orris (ex officio : Annual Director of the School), Col-
lege of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J.

Francis W. Palfrey,* 255 Beacon St., Boston, Mass.

Bernadotte Perrin, Adelbert College of Western Reserve University,
Cleveland, Ohio.

Frederic J. de Peyster (Treasurer*), 7 East 42d St., New York City.
William M. Sloane, College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J.
Fitz Gerald Tisdall, College of the City of New York, New York City.
James C. Van Benschoten, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.
Charles Waldstein (ex officio : Director of the School), Cambridge,
England.

William R. Ware, School of Mines, Columbia College, New York City.
John Williams White, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

l£xccuttbe (Committee.

1889-90.

Thomas D. Seymour (Chairman).

William W. Goodwin.

Thomas W. Ludlow (Secretary).

Charles Eliot Norton.

Frederic J. de Peyster (Treasurer) .

William R. Ware.

* Died December 5, 1889.

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT.

©taction of tf)c BcbooL

1882- 1883.

Director : William Watson Goodwin, Ph. D., LL. D., D.C L., Eliot
Professor of Greek Literature in Harvard University.

1883- 1884.

Director: Lewis R. Packard,. Ph. D., Hillhouse Professor of Greek
in Yale University.

1884- 1885.

Director: James Cooke Van Benschoten, LL. D., Seney Professor
of the Greek Language and Literature in Wesleyan University.

1885- 1886.

Director : Frederic De Forest Allen, Ph. D., Professor of Classical
Philology in Harvard University

1886- 1887.

Director : Martin L. D'Ooge, Ph. D., LL. D., Professor of Greek in
the University of Michigan.

1887- 1888.

Director: Augustus C. Merriam, Ph.D., Professor of Greek Archae-
ology and Epigraphy in Columbia College.

1888- 1889.

Director : Charles Waldstein, Ph. D., Litt. D., L. H. D., Reader in
Archaeology at the University of Cambridge, England.

Annual Director : Frank Bigelow Tarbell, Ph.D., Instructor in
Harvard University.

1889- 1890.

Director : Charles Waldstein, Ph. D., Litt. D., L. H. D.

Annual Director : S. Stanhope Orris, Ph. D., L. H. D., Ewing Pro-
fessor of the Greek Language and Literature in the College of
New Jersey.

6 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Cooperating (ttolleps*

1889-90.

ADELBERT COLLEGE OF WESTERN

RESERVE UNIVERSITY.
AMHERST COLLEGE.
BROWN UNIVERSITY.
COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.
COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY.
COLUMBIA COLLEGE.
CORNELL UNIVERSITY.
DARTMOUTH COLLEGE.
HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY.

TRINITY COLLEGE.
UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEW
YORK.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
VASSAR COLLEGE.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY.
WELLESLEY COLLEGE.
WILLIAMS COLLEGE.
YALE UNIVERSITY.

trustees of tfje Srijool

James Russell Lowell (President).

Edward J. Lowell (Treasurer).

William W. Goodwin (Secretary).

Martin Brimmer.

Henry Drisler.

Basil M. Gildersleeve.

Henry G. Marquand.

Charles Eliot Norton.

Frederic J. de Peyster.

Henry C. Potter.

William M. Sloane.

John Williams White.

lEieeatfbe Committee of tfje Crustees.

James Russell Lowell.
William W. Goodwin.
Charles Eliot Norton.

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Students .*

LOUIS BEVIER (1882-83)4

Associate Professor in Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J.

WALTER RAY BRIDGMAN (1883-84),

Professor in Miami University, Oxford, Ohio.

CARL DARLING BUCK (1887-89),

Student in the University of Leipzig.

N. E. CROSBY (1886-87),

Instructor in the Westminster School, Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.

JOHN M. CROW (1882-83),

Professor in Iowa College, Grinnell, Iowa. Died Sept. 28, 1890.

WILLIAM LEE CUSHING (1885-87),

Head Master of the Westminster School, Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.

MORTIMER LAMSON EARLE (1887-88),

Instructor in Columbia College, New York City-

THOMAS H. ECKFELDT (1884-85),

Principal of the Friends' School, New Bedford, Mass.

A. F. FLEET (1887-88),

Superintendent of the Missouri Military Academy, Mexico, Missouri.

HAROLD NORTH FOWLER (1882-83),

Professor in Phillips Academy, Exeter, N. H.

HENRY T. HILDRETH (1885-86),

Instructor in the Parish School, Boston, Mass.

//*. IRVING HUNT (1889-90),

Tutor in Greek, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

GEORGE BENJAMIN HUSSEY (1887-88)4

Instructor in the Western Reserve Academy, Hudson, Ohio.

FRANCIS DEMETRIUS KALOPOT HAKES (1888-89),
Student in the University of Berlin.

JOSEPH McKEEN LEWIS (1885-87).
Died April 29, 1887.

GONZALEZ LODGE ( 1888-89), t

Associate Professor in Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa.

WALTER MILLER (1885-86),

Student in the University of Leipzig.

WILLIAM J. McMURTRY (1886-87),

Professor in Yankton College, Yankton, South Dakota.

* The year of residence at the School is placed in a parenthesis after the name,
indicate students of the year 1889-90.

t Not present during the entire year.

Italics

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Miss EMILY NORCROSS, (1888-89),

Instructor in Smith College, Northampton, Mass.

Miss ANNIE S. PECK (1885-86),

865 North Main Street, Providence, R. I.

DANIEL QUINN (1887-89),

Professor in Mt. St Mary's College, Emmitsburg, Md.

JOHN CAREW ROLFE (1888-89),

Assistant Professor in the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

WILLIAM J. SEELYE (1886-87),

Professor in Parsons College, Garfield, Iowa.

JOHN P. SHELLEY (1889-90),

Professor in Grove College, Grove City, Pa.

PAUL SHOREY (1882-83),

Associate Professor in Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Masvr, Pa.

Miss EMILY E. SLATER (1888-89).

Instructor at Science Hill, Shelbyville, Kentucky.

J R. SITLINGTON STERRETT (1882-83),

Professor in the University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

FRANKLIN H. TAYLOR (1882-83),

Tutor in Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.

OLIVER JOS. THATCHER (18S7-88),

Professor in Alleghany Theological Seminary, Alleghany, Pa.

S. B. P. TROWBRIDGE (1886-88),
Architect, New York City.

HENRY STEPHENS WASHINGTON (1888-90). t

JAMES R. WHEELER (1882-83),

Professor in the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt.

ALEXANDER M. WILCOX (1883-84),

Professor in the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.

FRANX E. WOODRUFF (1882-83U

Professor in Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me. •

THEODORE L. WRIGHT (1886-S7),

Professor in Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin.

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE MANAGING COMMITTEE

OF THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

To the Council of the Arc hceo logical Institute of America : —

Gentlemen, — I have the honor to submit to you
the Report of the Managing Committee of the Ameri-
can School of Classical Studies at Athens, for the year
from October i, 1889, to October 1, 1890; and also
the Reports of the Director, Dr. Charles Waldstein,
and of the Annual Director, Professor S. Stanhope
Orris.

During the past year the following persons have
been enrolled as members of the School : —

W. Irving Hunt, A. B. Yale, Soldiers' Memorial Fellow of
Yale.

John P. Shelley, A. B. Findlay.
Henry S. Washington, A. M. Yale.

Of these, Mr. Washington had also been connected
with the School during the previous year.

Mr. John F. Gray, Harvard, Mr. Herbert D. Hale,
A. B. Harvard, of the Ecole des Beaux Arts of Paris,

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

and Mr. Charles W. Washington, A. B. Yale, were ad-
mitted as Special Students of the School.

The number of students was smaller than had been
expected, three who had planned to spend the year in
Athens being recalled to America by unlooked for
events. During part of the year Mr. Hunt and Mr.
Shelley only were in residence.

Three members of the Managing Committee were
in Greece in the spring of 1890, — Professor Goodwin,
Professor Perrin, and Professor Ware, — besides the
Rev. Professor Brooks of the University of Minnesota,
Professor Hoffman of the Indiana State University,
and some other American scholars.

The visit of Professor Ware was of especial impor-
tance for the School. Many details of the School
building required the attention of a skilled architect,
and the grounds about it remained in nearly the same
unkempt condition as before the house was erected.
Grading needed to be done, a fence or wall to be
raised, trees and shrubs to be planted, and grass to be
sown. The Committee authorized the expenditure,
under Professor Ware's direction, of $1,250 for furni-
ture and the improvement of the house and grounds,
in addition to a special gift for this purpose of $250 by
Professor Farnam of Yale. With unselfish devotion
to the cause, Professor Ware remained in Athens un-
til June 17, superintending this work. Aided by Miss
Ware and Mrs. Goodwin, he afterward selected in Ger-
many and England articles necessary or convenient

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT.

for the furnishing of the building. Arrangements
have been made for the beautifying of the grounds of
the School. All vegetation prospers in Athens with
the aid of irrigation, and fortunately the aqueduct
built from Mount Pentelicus by Hadrian and Anto-
ninus Pius passes the very door of the School and fur-
nishes an abundant supply of water at a moderate
cost. So we trust that the exterior of the School
building wil 1 soon be as attractive as the interior.

Professor Orris reached Athens in August, 1889, as
will be seen from his Report, and from that time was
ready to extend the hospitalities and opportunities of
the School to all who were prepared to enjoy and
improve them.

Dr. Waldstein arrived at Athens on December 29,
1889, and immediately assumed the conduct of the
School.

A brief account of the excavations of the School
during the year is given in the Report of the Director.
The expense of these excavations was defrayed by spe-
cial gifts. The appropriation of $500 by the Council
of the Archaeological Institute^ remains untouched, to
be used during the coming year, together with the
like appropriation of May, 1890.

We have been in a state of suspense with regard to
obtaining the right to excavate on the site of Delphi.
The situation remains " critical, but not hopeless."
Perhaps before these words are printed the decision
will have been made.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Two members of the Managing Committee have
died during the year.

General Francis W. Palfrey, an honored soldier and
man of letters, one of the original members of the
Committee, died at Cannes, December 5, 1889, in the
fifty-ninth year of his age.

Professor Richard H. Mather, D. D., after a service
of more than thirty years as instructor in Greek at
Amherst College, died on April 16, 1890, in the fifty-
sixth year of his age. He entered the Committee as
the successor of Professor Tyler, in May, 1888.

Professor Henry Gibbons of Amherst College has
been elected a member of the Committee, to succeed
Professor Mather as a representative of Amherst
College.

Professor A. F. Fleet, LL. D., of the University of
Missouri, has resigned his membership of the Com-
mittee, since he leaves his professorial chair to become
Superintendent of the Missouri Military Academy at
Mexico, Missouri.

Professor Charles Eliot Norton, in whose beautiful
library the original project for the organization of the
School at Athens took practical form, had been from
the first a member of the Managing Committee, ex
officio, as President of the Archaeological Institute of
America. On his resignation of the Presidency of
the Institute, in May, 1890, he was made a regular
member of the Committee by election.

President Seth Low of Columbia College became a

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT. 1 3

member of the Committee, ex officio, on his election,
in May, 1890, to the Presidency of the Archaeological
Institute of America.

Provost William Pepper, M.D., LL. D., of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, resigned his place on the
Committee at the November meeting of 1889. Pro-
fessor William A. Lamberton was then elected to
succeed him as representative of the University of
Pennsylvania.

No volume of Papers has been issued by the School
during the past year. Several valuable papers, how- '
ever, have been published in " The American Journal
of Archaeology " by the Directors and members of
the School, — on the discoveries at Icaria, Anthedon,
Plataea, Thisbe, etc., and the excavations at Sicyon
and Stamata, — and the Committee on Publications
expect to collect and publish a volume of Papers in
the course of 189 1. Otto Harrassowitz of Leipzig has
been appointed the German agent for the publications
of the School.

Professor Rufus B. Richardson, Ph. D., of Dart-
mouth College, has been unanimously elected Annual
Director of the School for the year 1890-91.

The financial condition of the School is as satis-
factory as it well can be before the permanent en-
dowment is completed. More than $46,000 of this
endowment is now in the hands of the Treasurer of
the Trustees. The income from the endowment for
the year 1889-90 was about $1,100; it will be nearly

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

twice that* sum during the next year. The sum of
$800 lias been paid this year toward the building
debt, which is at present about $2,400. A special
appropriation, as above noted, of $1,250 was made for
the improvement of the house and grounds at Athens.
In view of these extraordinary expenses, we take great
satisfaction in reporting that (as in every previous
year of its history) the treasury of the School still has
a small balance in its favor at the close of the year.

At the organization of the School, in 1881, most of
"the Colleges and Universities which united in its sup-
port did so with the expectation that before ten years
had elapsed a sufficient permanent fund for the proper
support of the School would be secured, and several
pledges expire with the coming year. Therefore, the
following circular was issued by the direction of the
Committee.

The undersigned have been appointed, by the Managing
Committee of the American School of Classical Studies at
Athens, as a sub-committee to lay before the various Colleges
and Universities which have contributed to the support of the
School a brief statement of its present condition, and its pro-
spective circumstances and needs, and to ascertain whether
these Colleges and Universities will continue their support^of
the School.

At the time of the foundation of the School, most of the
institutions that united in its establishment agreed to combine
in its support for a term of ten years. It was believed that
within that space of time the utility of the School might be
demonstrated, and it was hoped that a sufficient fund might
be obtained for its permanent support, so that annual contri-

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT.

buttons might no longer be required. The expectation in
regard to the worth and importance of the School for the pro-
motion of the objects for which it was established has been
fully satisfied, but the hope of securing a permanent fund has
been only partially realized.

A beginning has been made, and a sum of between forty
and fifty thousand dollars is now in the hands of the Trustees
of the School, while subscriptions not yet paid may increase
the amount before long to near sixty thousand dollars. It
should be remembered that in addition to this amount a sum
of not less than thirty thousand dollars has been expended
upon the school building, erected upon the site which we owe
to the gracious liberality of the Greek government.

The experience of the last few years has proved that the an-
nual expense of maintaining the School, and of the publication
of its papers, cannot be reduced much below five thousand
dollars. This sum has been mainly provided by the yearly
contributions of $250 each of about twenty Colleges and Uni-
versities. Were these contributions to cease, the only means
of support would be the income of the fund, — at present
about two thousand dollars.

Such being the case, it is evident that the contributions
hitherto made must in large part be continued, if the School
is to be maintained.

But the present organization of the School is not altogether
satisfactory, and, to render it so, a larger income is required.
The present staff of the School consists of a Permanent Di-
rector, resident but a comparatively small part of the year at
Athens, and an Annual Director, whose term of service is
but for a single year of eight months. To secure continuity
to its work and stability to its administration, a permanent
resident officer, with the title, perhaps, of Secretary of the
School, is required. For this post a man of practical ability as
well as of learning must be had, — a man capable of conduct-
ing the daily affairs of the School, as well as of directing the

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

outdoor investigations and the indoor studies of the pupils.
The salary attaching to this office should not be less than
$2,500.

The Managing Committee regard it as of great importance
to the life of the School that such an officer should form part
of its staff.

If the Colleges and Universities that have hitherto main-
tained the School will continue their annual contributions, the
needed income for its support will be provided ; the income
from the fund may be applied to the salary of a Secretary,
and the School thus strengthened will better than ever fulfil
the end of its establishment.

We therefore beg you to inform us whether the Committee
may rely upon the continuance of the annual contribution

from , and we venture to urge upon you the importance

of its continuance. While recognizing the effort that may be
demanded to obtain the sum from year to year, we trust that
you will be willing to make it. The School is no longer an
experiment, and it is in the interests of learning that we
appeal to you to assist in enabling the School to render the
best service of which it is capable.

We request you to favor us with an early reply, addressed
to Professor Norton, Cambridge.

C. E. NORTON.
JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE.
O. M. FERNALD.
THOMAS D. SEYMOUR.

1 September, 1890.

The replies to the above circular have, in general,
been thoroughly satisfactory. In some cases, for
special reasons, no assurance could be given. We
have good grounds for expecting other institutions to
unite with those which have been associated hitherto
in the support of the School. The Committee would

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT.

be particularly glad to have scientific and other
technical schools of a high grade brought into con-
nection with the School at Athens. Architects, artists,
and men of science generally, would find in Greece
abundant material for profitable study. From the
foundation of the School, its managers have held that
all such students, not classical scholars only, are to be
cordially welcomed under their broad programme of
"Classical Literature, Art, and Antiquities."

A special meeting of the Committee was held in
Professor Norton's library, in Cambridge, on Septem-
ber 20, 1890, to meet the Director of the School, who
by his other engagements is precluded from attending
the regular meetings of the Committee.

In the last Report of the School, the generous gift
of the iron staircase for the building of the School
at Athens was credited, by error, to Messrs. J. B. and
J. M. Norcross, instead of to Messrs. J. B. and J. M.
Cornell, of Centre Street, New York City.

The list of students, on pages 7 and 8 of this Re-
port, shows that those who have been connected with
the School in former years are now occupying impor-
tant positions ( principally as teachers ) in the States
of Connecticut, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Mary-
land, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New Hamp-
shire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, and Vermont.
Two are dead. Three are studying in German

Universities. The wide distribution of these scholars

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT A THENS.

indicates the wide influence of the School at Athens.
It is self-evident that this influence and the impor-
tance of the School's work are not to be measured
by the number of students in residence at Athens.
The Committee look forward, however, with desire
and confident expectation, to a considerable increase
in the number of students. They trust that means
will be secured to use to the full the opportunities
for growth which are opened to the School.

THOMAS D. SEYMOUR,

Chairman.

New Haven, Conn.,

Oct. i, 1890.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

To the Managing Committee of the American School of Clas-
sical Studies at Athens: —

Gentlemen, — I beg to submit the following Re-
port of the work of the School for the period of the
last year, during which I had active charge of its
management.

I arrived at Athens on December 29, 1889, and
devoted the first few days to the domestic arrange-
ments of the School, which required considerable
attention.

Owing to illness and to other unfavorable circum-
stances, I found that the number of students in at-
tendance was reduced to two, Mr. W. I. Hunt, of Yale
College, and Mr. J. P. Shelley, of Findlay College,
Ohio. I soon admitted as a special student Mr.
J. F. Gray, formerly a student of Harvard College,
who came properly recommended, and I extended
to the Rev. Professor Jabez Brooks the privileges of
the School. With these, the students of the British
School, and a number of American and other vis-
itors interested in the subject, I began my lectures,
giving three introductory lectures in the Library of
the School, and continuing with peripatetic lectures
in the different Museums. These lectures were con-

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

tinued during several weeks, though interrupted twice
by attacks of the influenza, by which disease some
of the students were affected. I also made arrange-
ments with Mr. Gardner, so that my lectures were
supplemented for the students by the lectures given
before the British School. In addition, I gave an
evening talk to the students on the Origin of Early
Decoration, and was available for consultation at defi-
nite hours. Mr. Hunt was the only student who de-
voted himself to original work in the higher classical
studies, and I advised him with regard to the writing
of a paper on the Topography of the Battlefield
of Plataea, and to some work on Attic Sepulchral
Monuments.

Our formal opening meeting took place on Janu-
ary 17 At this meeting I delivered an opening ad-
dress on the Mantinean Reliefs. I hope that this
paper may soon be published in the American Journal
of Archaeology. The meeting may be considered an
event in the history of the School ; we were honored
at it by the presence, not only of all the distinguished
scholars at Athens, Greek and foreign, but also of
their Royal Highnesses the Crown Prince and the
Crown Princess of Greece. At the second meeting of
the School, which was well attended, Mr. Hunt read
his paper on the Topography of Plataea, and I read
remarks on a newly discovered terra-cotta, which
throws light on the central figures of the Parthenon
frieze.

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT.

In the first week of February, we were joined by-
Mr. H. S. Washington, who had been a student of
the School in the preceding year, and by Mr. C. M.
Washington, both of Yale College. These gentlemen
had agreed to assist in the expedition to Plataea, and
I was especially glad to have the assistance of the
former, who had already gained considerable experi-
ence in the work of excavating. I made Mr. C. M.
Washington also a special student of the School. In
the following week we were joined by Mr. H. D. Hale,
formerly of Harvard College, and now a student of
architecture at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris,
who had come at my special invitation to assist in
the making of maps and plans of the site and of the
excavations. He also was made a special student.

Meanwhile the weather, which had been particularly
unfavorable during the whole season, did not improve,
and we had to defer from day to day the beginning
of our work at Plataea, which I had hoped to make
in the middle of February. My own health did not
admit of my leaving Athens during the bad weather.
I finally gave way to the enthusiastic eagerness of
Mr. Washington, and, having procured a complete
outfit and ample provisions, he started with one of
the servants on February 14. On February 19, he
began digging with twenty-two men at the church
where last year the Preamble to the Edict of Diocle-
tian was found. He was soon joined by Mr. Hunt
and Mr. Shelley, and subsequently by Messrs. Hale,

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

C. M. Washington, and Gray. During this time the
party had to contend with great difficulties, the most
trying of which was the severe weather, with snow
and cold winds, in houses that were not even provided
with glass windows ; and I cannot sufficiently com-
mend the enthusiastic perseverance of all concerned.
I was much relieved in mind when, after a week, Mr.
Gray, who had previously had an attack of influenza,
returned with Messrs. C. M. Washington and Hale,
not much the worse for his hardship. As soon as I
had recovered from my illness, the second since my
arrival in Athens, I started for Plataea with Mr. Hale
and Mr. C. M. Washington, and remained there until
we closed the work for this season, on March 12.

The exact measurements of all the city walls (more
than two and a half miles in circumference) were
taken by Messrs. Washington and Hale, assisted by
Messrs. C. M. Washington and Shelley. A survey
was made and a map drawn by Mr. Hale. This map
will be published in our Report of the Excavations.
The map illustrating the battlefield, designed by
Messrs. Hale and Hunt to illustrate the paper of the
latter on the topography of the battle, will also be
published with the paper which it accompanies. Mr.
Hale drew, moreover, the ground plans of all the
churches at which we dug.

Our corps of workmen was increased to a number
averaging forty men, with which for some time we
dug at a promising site by the southeast wall, that

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT.

of a Byzantine church and monastery, which I
thought might prove to have been an important en-
trance to the ancient city. Here Messrs. Hunt and
Shelley came upon an interesting ancient aqueduct or
drain, covered with large stones, light yellow in color,
at a depth of 1.20 meters below the surface. Mr.
Washington describes the stone as somewhat like
poros, very soft when first found, but hardening on
exposure. It is apparently a limestone containing
gypsum and a small quantity of talc. These stones
covered a trench cut through very solid soil, in which
are laid the terra-cotta drain-tiles. These tiles were
made of well baked red clay, like three sides of a
rectangle, 0.60 meter long, 0.20 deep, and 0.15 wider
(interior measurements), and about 0.03 thick. They
were joined together end to end, not overlapping, by
a gray cement very neatly applied. The channel has
apparently a very gentle slope down toward the town,
which is a confirmation of the supposition that it
served as an aqueduct. Mr. Hunt and I explored the
neighborhood for the possible source of water-supply,
and there is some probability that he discovered this
outside and to the south of the city wall, at a consid-
erable distance from the point at which we found the
tiles. The aqueduct runs under the city wall, and
under the corner of the church, where a block was cut
away obliquely to make room for the church wall. It
is probable that the wall was the earliest, the aqueduct
t the next in date, and the larger church the latest.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Several inscriptions had already come to light ; but
we were much cheered when, in a grave below the
east wall of the church, we found, used as covering-
stones, two large inscriptions. The one proved to be
another slab of the Diocletian Edict, giving in Greek
the prices of textiles. This contains a large portion
of the seventeenth chapter in Waddington's edition,
with some interesting variations, as well as a column
and a half of material hitherto unknown, constitut-
ing the beginning of this chapter that has been
wanting. The other inscription records dedications
on the part of women to some goddess (probably
Demeter or Artemis), with many interesting female
names.

We continued to dig upon various sites outside
the city walls, hoping to gain some fixed point in
discovering either the Temple of Demeter (in which
we followed Mr. Hunt's suggestion) or the Temple
of Hera. We did not succeed in establishing these
points, though several objects of interest were discov-
ered. It may be desirable to dig for a short time
next season, at the place suggested by Mr. Hunt, for
the Temple of Demeter, and at that where Mr. Wash-
ington worked, and where last year we discovered the
Preamble to Diocletian's Edict. When this has been
done, these explorative excavations may be considered
as completed.

What seems to stand in the way of important dis-
coveries of temples and statues at Plataea is the fact

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT.

of its importance in Byzantine and Frankish times.
Our excavations have certainly made clear an histor-
ical fact which seems previously to have been over-
looked ; it had been supposed that, after the classical
period, Plataea sank into oblivion and insignificance.
Our excavations, together with the remains of nu-
merous Byzantine and Frankish churches (there are
over twelve in the neighborhood), certainly prove that
in post-classical times the city was densely populated.
People were probably attracted thither by the situa-
tion, which commands the Boeotian plain, and by the
fortification, which must have remained standing.
Unfortunately, the ancient materials were convenient
for building the numerous houses and smaller walls ;
while, to produce the mortar abundantly used by the
Byzantines, all the marble seems to have been burnt
and ground for lime. It appears to me that Plataea
must have been a centre of considerable activity in
Roman times also.

The funds applied to the surveying and excavation,
as well as to the outfit of the expedition, were pro-
vided from the generous contribution of Dr. Lamborn
and the remainder of the amount collected by Mr.
Wesley Harper.

We all returned to Athens on March 13.

Owing to the attack of Captain Botticher on Dr.
Schliemann's views with regard to the ruins at His-
sarlik, in which he maintained that these ruins were
not those of an ancient fortified city, but rather of a

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

necropolis for incineration, Drs. Schliemann and Dorp-
feld invited an international conference to examine
this subject on the spot, and both Dr. Schliemann
and Dr. Dorpfeld left Greece early in March to
continue the excavations. For America, the School
and the Smithsonian Institution of Washington were
called upon to send representatives ; and, being au-
thorized by your Chairman and invited by the Smith-
sonian Institution to represent you and it at this
conference, I started for Hissarlik on March 26, and
joined the body of representatives there assembled.
The company included Messrs. Babin for the French
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, Mr. Cal-
vert, U. S. Consul at the Hellespont, Professor Von
Duhn of Heidelberg, Dr. Grempler of Breslau, Hamdi
Bey of the Museum of Constantinople, Dr. Humann
(the excavator of Pergamon) of the Berlin Museum,
Professor Virchow of Berlin, and myself. Our exami-
nation of the site and excavations, and our discussions,
occupied about four days. The results were drawn
up in a Report unanimously agreed upon, and signed
by all. We carefully limited the questions to those
which we thought such a conference could satisfac-
torily decide. We also examined the ruins and topog-
raphy of Bunarbashi for the light they might throw
upon Hissarlik. The official Report is in French;
but, before I left, Professor Virchow and I drafted
an English translation, which must be considered
official, and which, therefore, I dare not correct in

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT

the matter of style, although we could give but very
little time to the drafting. The Report runs thus : —

" The undersigned, invited by Dr. Schliemann and Dr.
Dorpfeld to visit the excavations of Hissarlik, have examined
these ruins carefully, after having taken cognizance of certain
articles by Captain Botticher on the nature of these structures,
especially of his La Troie de Schliemann une Necropole a
Incineration. The results of this examination are given in
the following propositions.

" 1. The ruins of Hissarlik are situated on the lowest spur
of a chain of hills, running from east to west, projecting into
the valley of the Scamander. This site, which dominates the
view of the plain as well as of the entrance to the Helles-
pont, appears well adapted for the foundation of a fortified
place.

" 2. We have there seen walls, gates, and towers, forming
fortified enclosures belonging to different periods.

" 3. The enclosure of which the wall B (Troja, PL VII., and
Ilios, PI. VII.) forms a part, consists of a substructure of chalk
stone, slanting outwards, upon which is erected a wall of sun-
dried bricks. At some points of this brick wrall even the
stucco is preserved. Three towers have recently been dis-
covered still showing the upper wall of brick ; they are in the
east, where the stone substructure is the lowest in height, and
therefore there was least need of strengthening the wall by a
buttress.

"4. The transverse cut made in the wall B opposite the
large trench XZ showed that there were no corridors, the
existence of which had been asserted. As to the walls of
brick, the only instance which could be evoked in support
of the theory of corridors are the two nearly adjoining walls
near A and B. But these walls belong to distinct buildings.

k< 5. The hill of Hissarlik has never had the form of a 'ter-
race construction,' in which the terraces diminish as they

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

rise; but we have found that each superior stratum occupies
a larger space than the one immediately below it.

44 6. An examination of these strata has led to the following
conclusions. In the lowest stratum only a few nearly paral-
lel walls are preserved, nothing permitting us to infer that
human bodies were found there. The second stratum, which
is the most interesting, contains ruins of buildings of which
the principal ones present an absolute analogy to the 'palaces'
of Tiryns and Mycenae. The stratum immediately above this
consists of smaller dwellings, superimposed one above the
other, of which many contain large jars {pithoi).

44 Finally, in the last stratum are the foundations of build-
ings belonging to the Graeco-Roman period, and numerous
fragments of architecture.

44 7. In our presence, a large number of pithoi were un-
earthed in situ, in the third stratum. They were standing
upright, singly or in groups, several containing large quanti-
ties of wheat, peas, and oleaginous seeds more or less carbon-
ized, but no human bones, either incinerated or not. The
surfaces of these pithoi, moreover, bore no evidence of having
been subjected to extraordinary heat.

44 8. To sum up, we declare that we have not found in any
portion of these ruins any indices which point to incineration
of human bodies. The traces of fire which are found in sev-
eral strata come chiefly from conflagrations. The violence of
fire in the second stratum was so great that the sun-dried
bricks are in part baked, and even vitrified on the surface.

44 Finally, we desire to affirm that the plans in the books
'Troja' and ' Ilios ' are quite in harmony with the facts we
have examined ; and that we completely share the views ex-
pressed by Messrs. Niemann and Steffen in the Report of the
Conference of December 1 to 6, 1889."

On the invitation of Hamdi Bey, I returned with
him as his guest to Constantinople, to examine his

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT.

great discovery of sarcophagi from Sidon, and to ad-
vance the interests of our School. I left Constanti-
nople for Athens on April 5, arriving on April 7,
and, after making final arrangements at the School,
the students all having started on tours or being
engaged in independent work, I left Athens on
April 12.

I may also mention, that while at Athens I served
on a committee appointed by the Greek government
to examine into the state of the Theseion, and to
advise with regard to its proper preservation.

With regard to Delphi, I have to state that my
first step was to come to a clear understanding
concerning the French claim. I satisfied myself
completely that it was right for us, under existing
circumstances, to endeavor to acquire this great honor
for our country and for our School. I first made
quite clear to Count Montholon, the French Min-
ister at Athens, the state of affairs with us, and in-
formed him of my intention to use every effort to
acquire the privilege for our School, expressing the
hope that, seeing the propriety of our motives and
the fairness of our proceedings, he would maintain
friendly and courteous relations with the American
School of Classical Studies. I take pleasure in say-
ing that I have since experienced nothing but cour-
teous and generous treatment at his hands, and that
our relations with the French School have at no time
been better. I had several interviews with the Prime

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Minister, Mr. Tricoupis, on the subject, and received
from him the promise that, if the necessary sum
(between 430,000 and 450,000 drachmas) could be
raised for the expropriation, the government would
extend the period for us till the 1st of May, and
thereafter till the autumn session of the Chamber.
This promise is of course within the reasonable lim-
its of the power which the government will be able
to exert. We can only hope that within this interval
the necessary amount will be raised.

In speaking of this branch of my work I take
pleasure in making known to you the considerate
and efficient help which, in every instance, I have re-
ceived at the hands of our Minister, Colonel Loudon
Snowden, who has shown himself a true and discreet
friend of the School.

In looking back upon the work of the School
during the past winter, I realize that, in spite of
the unfavorable circumstances against which we had
to contend, we have every reason to be gratified. I
say this on the ground of assurances I have had
from competent judges, such as my archaeological
colleagues, and from the visible evidences of appre-
ciation which can arise only out of a belief in our
usefulness.

I am glad to refer again to what I said last year
with regard to the kind interest shown in the School
by all the Greek authorities, to which I must add this
year the emphatic manifestations of interest on the

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT.

part of his Majesty the King, and of their Royal High-
nesses the Crown Prince and Crown Princess.

As regards the recommendations which, on the
ground of this years experience, might be made, the
greatest need of the School — a need which will natu-
rally and necessarily be felt for some time before we
can approach the full consummation of its power for
good — is to be found in the really adequate prepara-
tion of our graduates at home, not only for higher
archaeological studies, but also for higher independent
work in the philological and historical departments of
classical learning. But of this our university teach-
ers are fully aware, and all are doing their best to
advance our university teaching so that it shall supply
the want; while every year of efficient work on the
part of the School will, it is hoped, react upon ad-
vanced teaching in America, and will, through the
direct influence of former students of the School, lead
to the better preparation of future students who shall
be sent to Athens. The number of students, there-
fore, approaching adequacy of preparation in the more
special work for which this School affords opportu-
nity, will of necessity be limited for the immediate
future. On the other hand, the encouragement of
the general interest in classical antiquity, as it can
best be furthered by such an institution at Athens,
in those not specially prepared for higher archaeo-
logical investigation, or not intending to pursue this
as their chief vocation in life, has frequently been in-

32 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

sisted upon as an important aim of the School. And
in this department much good work can be done ;
some has been done, and more, we may hope, will be
done. For this purpose I beg you to use your efforts
to bring the School still more directly into touch with
the technical schools, the academies of architecture
and of art, in our own country. The British School
at Athens is thus immediately associated with such
institutions in England, the French and German In-
stitutes have long been similarly organized, and the
advantage to their students has been amply proved.
We are ready to welcome all students and lovers of
classical literature, and also to tender our help and
hospitality to architects and artists.

CHARLES WALDSTEIN,

Director.

REPORT OF THE ANNUAL DIRECTOR.

To the Managing Committee of the American School of Clas-
sical Studies at Athens : —

Gentlemen, — I have the honor to submit the fol-
lowing Report.

After my arrival at Athens, in August, 1889, Messrs.
J. C. Roe and W. A. Hammond, American students at
Leipzig, the latter having taken degrees at Harvard
and at Princeton, came to the School and enjoyed its
advantages until the 1st of October.

After the middle of September, the Hon. Walker
Fearn, Minister of the United States to Greece, was
my guest for a period of six weeks, during which time
the School received visits from all the members of the
Diplomatic Corps at Athens, — the Ministers of Great
Britain, France, Russia, Germany, Austria, Italy, Ser-
via, Roumania, Turkey, and Spain, — from Mr. Tricou-
pis, Prime Minister of Greece, from all the members
of the Cabinet, from the Marshal of the Palace, and
other high officers of the Court.

Of the students admitted by the Managing Com-
mittee, two were obliged to return to America after
they were as far on their way as Paris. Of the rest,
Messrs. Hunt and Shelley alone were present through-

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

out the year. Besides those regularly admitted, there
were not a few who put themselves in connection with
the School and studied along its lines. The first
of these was our scholarly and gentlemanly Consul,
Irving J. Manatt, Ph.D., LL.D., who took part in all
our readings of classical authors, and added interest to
all our exercises. Dr. Jabez Brooks, also, Professor of
Greek in the University of Minnesota, was with us
from December i until May, a diligent student of Mod-
ern Greek and of the topography and ancient ruins of
Athens. F. B. Sanborn, Esq, of Concord, Professor
Perrin of Adelbert College, Professor Hoffman of the
University of Indiana, Professor Innis of St. Paul,
Minn., and Mr. W. C. Collar, Master of the Roxbury
Latin School, were with us, using our library and
making extensive tours as students of the topography
and antiquities of Greece. President Gilman of Johns
Hopkins University (with his family), and many other
distinguished Americans who were making the tour
of Europe and the East, visited the School. Dr. and
Mrs. Schliemann and the Prince of Wales, also, were
among our visitors. I need scarcely say that all who
visited us in the course of the year expressed inter-
est in the aims of the School, and admiration for its
building. The building, indeed, will always stand as a
magnificent monument of the architectural skill and
exquisite taste of its designer, Professor Ware of Co-
lumbia College. Beautiful in itself, it is beautiful also
in its situation, commanding a full view of Penteli-

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT.

cus on the north, of Hymettus on the east, of the
Aegean Sea and the mountains of Peloponnesus on
the south, and of the olive groves and Mount Aega-
leos on the west.

In our work, we followed, as far as time and op-
portunity permitted, in the track of previous Annual
Directors. It is due to Mr. Hunt to say, that, besides
studying Pausanias on Attica, and reading the Aga-
memnon of Aeschylus, he read the whole of Herod-
otus and Thucydides, and made himself familiar with
the museums and the topography and monuments of
Athens. Mr. Shelley devoted himself chiefly to the
study of Modern Greek, but studied also the topogra-
phy and antiquities of Athens. In April, Mr. Hunt
and Mr. Shelley went on extensive tours, visiting
many points in Central Greece.

After Professor Perrin's return from Troy, where he
chanted the Iliad to the winds and the sea, I made
a tour with him and Mr. Sanborn to Delphi, going
by way of Corinth and the Gulf, and returning by
way of Arachova, Lebadea, and Thebes.

The library received gifts of books from Professor
Hatzidakis, Mr. Cope Whitehouse, Mr. H. S. Washing-
ton, Mr. Sanborn, Miss E. Dawes, Professor Goodwin,
and Miss M. Carey Thomas: in all, sixteen volumes.

Before leaving the School I devoted seven days ex-
clusively to the interests of the library, and saw to
it that the books and periodicals were all in their
proper places; that books which had been sent by

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Messrs. Beck and Wilberg for examination, were
returned, and not charged to the School; and that
the book bills, after being corrected, were paid and
receipted. To the careful index of the library
which was made by Dr. Tarbell, I added an index
of the periodicals.

In the course of the year I received a number
of letters, principally from students of colleges, mak-
ing inquiry in regard to the nature of the work of
the School. In particular, the question was asked
whether it is contemplated in the " Regulations of
the School, " that the study of classical literature
shall be restricted and subordinated to archaeological
ends, or whether, if the student desire it, purely
classical study may be pursued without such restric-
tion and subordination. I presume that Dr. D'Ooge
expresses the mind of the Managing Committee in
relation to this question when he says, in his brilliant
Report for i88j-88, that "the character and aims
of the student must to a large extent determine the
nature of the work of the School."

Most of those who have been connected with the
School are now engaged as teachers in our higher
institutions of learning; and it is probable that the
majority of those who may be connected with it in
the future will study with a view to the same pro-
fession. For this class of students I would unite with
previous Directors in emphasizing the importance of
a mastery of Modern Greek, and a thorough study of

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT.

the topography and antiquities of Greece. For such
is the correlation between topography and civiliza-
tion, that without the fullest knowledge of the former
we cannot have the highest appreciation of the lat-
ter. Moreover, as no description of a place, however
full and vivid, can give the lively and accurate impres-
sions which we receive through the eye in the place
itself, so we cannot have an adequate appreciation of
the civilization, literature, and history of a people with-
out studying the topography of their country in the
country itself. And if but two or three students re-
turn annually from Athens, with a thorough knowl-
edge of the topography and antiquities of Greece,
and of Modern Greek, to engage in teaching the an-
cient language in such a spirit, and by such methods
that it shall become in the minds of the young men
whom they instruct, not a mere burden ready to drop
off or be thrown off, but part of their individual be-
ing, a source of life and strength, giving the faculty
of finding perpetual delight in the history of that lit-
erature to which all civilization owes so much, then
the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
will deserve the gratitude of all our academic insti-
tutions, and of all men who prize above external ad-
vantages " that purification of the intellectual eye
which gives us to contemplate the infinite wealth of
the mental world."

S. STANHOPE ORRIS,

Annual Director for i88g-go.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

oo
co

CO
00

O "1H

q onco

iri O\00
VO ON N
CN O i-i

co m

vq
cj

oooooooooo
ooooqooo qq

o o i o o 6 6 o ' l/-> o '6

Lf| LT! LTl iri Q >J"l^O "-O LO

o o o o o o

o o q q o o

o 6 d d o d

L^, L#-> CT| t-O lr->

H N N M N N

c/3

■ .s

bjo >t-J

'55

bJO

fcJO"

£ & U) V > v vu ~ v

S3 •
In

Soo S£ n £ 15 o'P o

3 co aj^ ^^HJ

„ O ►J >

is &

b >h £ U £> S ^ ffi u u < w

O O rt •> o

o >- r*

i3 (fl u

<u aj d t

.t; o

sill
11 ^

- s

1^ o o

I- CO

«-0

h q q

CO M

iA 6 6

4 On

t^CO o

—

On n co

rT i-T

=68=

o o o
q q q h

6 ri ind
o OM^m

■-" ^ HH

O ~

O CO
6 rj-
co ^

JH >- qj

rt O O 3

5 ^
.ti be

■3-3 rti
§ S

b^ ^

a '
w
S
o

c a .2

2^= '

u t3

.S 3
o

O u
a5

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS.

OCTOBER, 189a

The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, founded by
the Archaeological Institute of America, and organized under the
auspices of some of the leading American Colleges, was opened Octo-
ber 2, 1882. During the first five years of its existence it occupied
a hired house on the 'OSo? 'A/xaAtas in Athens, near the ruins of the
Olympieion. A large and convenient building has now been erected
for the School on a piece of land, granted by the generous liberality of
the Government of Greece, on the southeastern slope of Mount Lyca-
bettus, adjoining the ground already occupied by the English School.
This permanent home of the School, built by the subscriptions of its
friends in the United States, was ready for occupation early in 1888.

The advantages of the School are offered free of expense for tuition
to graduates of the Colleges co-operating in its support, and to other

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

A peculiar feature of the temporary organization of the School dur-
ing its first six years, which has distinguished it from the older German
and French Schools at Athens, has been the yearly change of Director.
This arrangement, by which a new Director has been sent out each year
by one of the co-operating Colleges, was never looked upon as perma-
nent. The School will henceforth be under the control of a permanent
Director, who by continuous residence at Athens will accumulate that
body of local and special knowledge without which the highest purpose
of such a school cannot be fulfilled, while an Annual Director also will
be sent out each year by one of the Colleges to assist in the conduct of
the School. (See Regulation V.) The School has been able, even under
its temporary organization, to meet a most pressing want, and to be of
service to classical scholarship in America. It has sought at first, and
it must continue to seek for the present, rather to arouse a lively inter-
est in classical archaeology in American Colleges than to accomplish
distinguished achievements. The lack of this interest has heretofore
been conspicuous ; but without it the School at Athens, however well
endowed, can never accomplish the best results. A decided improve-
ment in this respect is already apparent ; and it is beyond question
that the presence in many American Colleges of professors who have
been resident a year at Athens under favorable circumstances, as an-
nual directors or as students of the School, has done much, and will
do still more, to stimulate intelligent interest in classic antiquity.

The address of the Chairman of the Managing Committee is
Thomas D. Seymour, New Haven, Conn. ; that of the Secretary,
Thomas W. Ludlow, Yonkers, N. Y.

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT.

REGULATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF
CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

OCTOBER, 1890.

1. The object of the American School of Classical Studies is to
furnish an opportunity to study Classical Literature, Art, and x\ntiqui-
ties in Athens, under suitable guidance, to graduates of American
Colleges and to other qualified students ; to prosecute and to aid
original research in these subjects ; and to co-operate with the Arch-
aeological Institute of America, so far as it may be able, in conducting
the exploration and excavation of classic sites.

II. The School is in charge of a Managing Committee. This Com-
mittee, which was originally appointed by the Archaeological Institute,
disburses the annual income of the School, and has power to add to
its membership and to make such regulations for the government of
the School as it may deem proper. The President of the Archaeo-
logical Institute and the Director and Annual Director of the School
are ex-officio members of the Committee.

III. The Managing Committee meets semi-annually, — in New
York on the third Friday in November, and in Boston on the third
Friday in May. Special meetings may be called at any time by the
Chairman.

2. Each year the Committee appoints from the instructors of the
Colleges uniting in the support of the School an Annual Director,
who resides ,in Athens during the ensuing year and co-operates in

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

the conduct of the School. In case of the illness or absence of the
Director, the Annual Director acts as Director for the time being.

VIII. Bachelors of Arts of co-operating Colleges, and all Bachelors
of Arts who have studied at one of these Colleges as candidates for a
higher degree, are admitted to membership in the School on present-
ing to the Committee a certificate from the instructors in classics of
the College at which they have last studied, stating that they are com-
petent to pursue an independent course of study at Athens under the
advice of the Director. All other persons who desire to become
members of the School must make application to the Committee.
Members of the School are subject to no charge for tuition. The
Committee reserves the right to modify the conditions of member-
ship.

X. All work of excavation, of investigation, or of any other kind
done by any student in connection with the School shall be regarded
as done for the School and by the School, and shall be under the

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT

supervision and control of the Director, who shall also, in conjunc-
tion with the Committee on Publications, supervise and control all
publication of the results, giving full acknowledgment for work done
by the student.

XI. When any member of the School has completed one or
more full years of study, the results of which have been approved
by the Director, he receives a certificate stating the work accom-
plished by him, signed by the Director of the School, the President
of the Archaeological Institute, and the Chairman and the Secretary
of the Managing Committee.

XII. American students resident or travelling in Greece who
are not regular members of the School may, at the discretion of the
Director, be enrolled as special students, and enjoy the privileges
of the School.

XIII. i. All manuscripts, drawings, or photographs intended
for publication in the Papers of the School shall be sent to the
Chairman of the Managing Committee of the School, who at his
convenience shall transmit them to the Committee on Publications.

2. In preparing the manuscript for such articles, a comparatively
light quality of paper shall be used, of convenient size ; the paper
for any one article shall be of one size ; a margin of two or three
inches in width shall be kept at the left. The writing shall be
clear and distinct, in particular for all quotations and references.
Especial care must be taken in writing Greek, that the printer may
not confound similar letters, and the accents shall be placed
strictly above the proper vowels, as in printing. All quotations and
references shall be particularly verified by the author, after the ar-
ticle is completed, by comparison with the original sources.

XIV. No communications, even of an informal nature, shall be
made by students of the School to the public press, without being
submitted to the Director in charge of the School, and authorized
by him.

XV. At least two careful squeezes shall be taken as soon as
possible of every inscription discovered by the School, — one to be
sent to the Chairman of the Committee on Publications, the other
to be deposited in the Library of the School.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL
OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

1882-1890.

The Annual Reports of the Committee may be had gratis on application to
the Secretary of the Managing Committee. The other publications are for sale
by Messrs Damrell Upham, & Co., 283 Washington Street, Boston, Mass.

First, Second, and Third Annual Reports of the Managing Com-
mittee, 1881-84. pp. 30.

Fourth Annual Report of the Committee, 1884-85. pp. 30.

Fifth and Sixth Annual Reports of the Committee, 1885-87.
pp. 56.

Seventh Annual Report of the Committee, 1887-88, with the
Report of Professor D'Ooge ( Director in 1886-87) and tnat °f
Professor Merriam (Director in 1887-88). pp. 115.

Eighth Annual Report of the Committee, 1888-89, with the
Reports of the Director, Dr. Waldstein, and of the Annual Director,
Dr. Tarbell. pp. 53.

Bulletin I. Report of Professor William W. Goodwin, Director
of the School in 1882-83. pp. 33. Price 25 cents.

Bulletin II. Memoir of Professor Lewis P.. Packard, Director of
the School in 1883-84, with Resolutions of the Committee and the
Report for 1883-84. pp. 34. Price 25 cents.

Preliminary Report of an Archaeological Journey made in Asia
Minor during the Summer of 1884. By LV- J. R. S. Sterrett.
pp. 45. Price 25 cents.

PAPERS OF THE SCHOOL.

Volume I. 1882-83. Published in 1885. 8vo. pp. viii. and
262. Illustrated. Price $2.00.

Contents ■ —

1. Inscriptions of Assos, edited by J. R S Sterrett.

2. Inscriptions of Tralleis, edited by J. R S. Sterrett.

3. The Theatre of Dionysus, by James R Wheeler.

4. The Olympieion at Athens, by Louis Bevier

5. The Erechtheion at Athens, by Harold N. Fowler.

6. The Battle of Salamis, by William W. Goodwin.

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Volume IV. 1885-86. Published in 1888. 8vo. pp.277. Illus-
trated. Price $2.00.

Contents : —

1. The Theatre of Thoricus, Preliminary Report, by Walter Miller.

2. The Theatre of Thoricus, Supplementary Report, by William L. Gushing.

3. On Greek Versification in Inscriptions, by Frederic D. Allen.

4. The Athenian Pnyx, by John M. Crow ; with a Survey of the Pnyx and
Notes, by Joseph Thacher Clarke.

5. Notes on Attic Vocalism, by J. McKeen Lewis.

CIRCULAR OF INFORMATION FOR STUDENTS WHO
PROPOSE TO JOIN THE SCHOOL.

OCTOBER, 1890.

Students in Athens will find a knowledge of German and French
of the utmost service in all their work.

The books in the following lists of which the titles are printed in
the larger type are recommended to students as an introduction to the
different branches of Greek Archaeology. The more special works,
whose titles are printed in smaller type, are recommended as books
of reference and for students whose department of special study is
already determined.

LIST OF BOOKS.
GENERAL WORKS.

Pausanias.

Collignon : Manual of Greek Archaeology (translated by J. H.
Wright).

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Guhl and Koner: Life of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.
Baumeister: Denkmaler des klassischen Altertums.
C. O. Midler: Ancient Art and its Remains.
Tame : Philosophie de l'Art en Grece.

Hiibner: Bibliographie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft.

S. Reinach: Manuel de Philologie classique.

Stark : Systematik und Geschichte der Arch'aologie der Kunst.

C. T. Newton : Essays on Art and Archaeology.

Burnouf : Memoires sur I'Antiquite.

Boeckh-Frankel : Die Staatshaushaltung der Athener.

Smith: Dictionary of Antiquities (third edition).

K. F. Hermann : Lehrbuch der griechischen Antiquitaten.

Daremberg et Saglio : Dictionnaire des Antiquites.

Pottier et Reinach: La Necropole de Myrina.

Milchhofer: Anfange der Kunst in Griechenland.

Beuld: L'Art grec avant Pe'ricles.

Diehl: Excursions Archeologiques en Grece.

ARCHITECTURE.
Durm : Die Baukunst der Griechen.

Von Reber : History of Ancient Art (translated by Clarke).

Penrose Principles of Athenian Architecture, 2d ed.

Michaelis . Der Parthenon.

Fergusson The Parthenon.

Bohn • Die Propylaeen der Akropolis zu Athen.

Boutmy: Philosophie de l'Architecture en Grece.

Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America. Report on the Investiga-
tions at Assos.

SCULPTURE.

Brunn: Geschichte der griechischen Kiinstler.

Friedrichs-Wolters : Bausteine zur Geschichte der griechisch-romischen Plastik.
Waldstein: Essays on the Art of Pheidias.
Petersen : Die Kunst des Pheidias.
Collignon . Phidias

Heuzey. Catalogue des Terres Cuites du Louvre.
P. Paris: La Sculpture Antique

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT.

VASES.

Rayet et Collignon : Histoire de la Ce'ramique grecque.
Dumont et Chaplain : Les Ceramiques de la Grece propre.
Furtwangler und Loeschcke : Mykenische Vasen.

Birch : History of Ancient Pottery.

Von Rohden : Vasenkunde, in Baumeister's Denkmaler.
Furtwangler: Vasensammlung im Antiquarium (Berlin).
Klein : Euphronios.

Klein : Die griechischen Vasen mit Meistersignaturen.

COINS.

Percy Gardner : Types of Greek Coins.

Head : Historia Numorum.

Catalogues of Coins of the British Museum.

EPIGRAPHY.
Roberts : Introduction to Greek Epigraphy.
Dittenberger : Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum.

Kirchhoff : Geschichte des griechischen Alphabets.
Hicks : Greek Historical Inscriptions.
S. Reinach : Traite d'Epigraphie grecque.

Hinrichs : Griechische Epigraphik, in Midler's Handbuch der Altertumswis*
senschaft, Vol. I.

Cauer : Delectus Inscriptionum Graecarum.

Collitz : Sammlung der griechischen Dialektinschriften.

Meisterhans : Grammatik der attischen Inschriften.

G. Meyer : Griechische Grammatik.

Roehl : Inscriptiones Graecae Antiquissimae.

Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum.

Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum.

Loewy : Inschriften griechischer Bildhauer.

Reinach : Conseils au Voyageur archeologue en Grece.

TOPOGRAPHY.
Baedeker: Greece (latest edition) .

Guides Joanne : Athenes et ses environs (latest edition).
Curtius und Kaupert : Atlas von Athen.
Curtius und Kaupert : Karten von Attika (erlauternder Text).
Verrall and Harrison : Mythology and Monuments of Athens.

Bursian: Geographie von Griechenland.
Tozer: Geography of Greece.

Lolling: Topographie von Griechenland, in Miiller's Handbuch, Vol. III.

4»

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Leake : Travels in Northern Greece.
Leake : Topography of Athens.
Leake : Travels in the Morea.
E. Curtius : Peloponnesos.

Jahn-Michaelis : Pausaniae descriptio arcis Athenarum, 1880.

Wachsmuth: Die Stadt Athen im Alterthum.

Hertzberg: Athen.

Dyer : Ancient Athens.

Burnouf : La Ville et l'Acropole d'Athenes.

Botticher : Die Akropolis von Athen.

Botticher : Olympia.

Pomtow : Beitrage zur Topographie von Delphi.
(Murray's Handbook for Travellers in Greece.)

MYTHOLOGY.
Preller : Griechische Mythologie.

Roscher : Lexikon der griechischen und romischen Mythologie,
Seeraann : Mythologie der Griechen und Romer.
Collignon : Mythologie figuree de la Grece.
Decharme : Mythologie de la Grece antique.

Welcker : Griechische Gotterlehre.
(Burnouf: La Legende athenienne.)
(Ruskin: Queen of the Air.)

PERIODICALS.

Bulletin de Correspondance heltenique.

Mittheilungen des deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts.

Jahrbuch des deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts.

American Journal of Archaeology.

Journal of Hellenic Studies.

'E^/xepis 'ApxcuoA-oyiAoy.

UpaKTLKa rrj<i iv 'AOrjvaLS 'ApxaioAoyi/07? 'Eratptas.
AeXrtov 'Ap^atoAoyiKov.

Archaeologisch-epigraphische Mittheilungen aus Oesterreich.
Revue Archeologique.
Gazette Archeologique.

MODERN GREEK.

Vincent and Dickson : Handbook to Modern Greek.
Contopoulos : Modern Greek and English Lexicon.
Jannarakis : Neugriechisch-deutsches Worterbuch.

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT.

TRAVEL AND EXPENSES.

Students wishing to travel from the United States to Athens with the greatest
economy of time and money are advised to sail from New York to Havre, Ant-
werp, Bremen, or Hamburg. The cost of the sea voyage varies from $40 to
$125. From the port of landing the journey to Athens may be made for about
$100 (first class) or $65 (second class), including ordinary expenses. Three
routes are available for the voyage to Athens upon the Mediterranean, — from
Marseilles, by the Messageries Maritimes steamers, or by the Fraissinet or
Florio-Rubattino line; from Brindisi, by Greek or Italian steamers or the Aus-
trian Lloyd ; from Trieste, by the Austrian Lloyd. Before securing passage
by any of these lines, care should be taken to ascertain that the Greek Govern-
ment has not established a quarantine against the port of departure. Quaran-
tined ports are to be avoided if possible, as the delay on landing from them is
tedious and costly.

Members of the School are required to study in Athens, or in such Greek lands
as the Director of the School may approve, between October 1 and June I.

^rrjjacolojgrtal Institute ai %mtxxm.

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

MANAGING COMMITTEE

OF THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS.

1890-91.
WHttij tfje Reports of

CHARLES WALDSTEIN, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D., Director,

AND

RUFUS B. RICHARDSON, Ph.D., Annual Director.

CAMBRIDGE:
JOHN WILSON AND SON.
Emtattg Press.
1891.

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES
AT ATHENS.

planagmg (Committee.

1890-91.

Thomas D. Seymour {Chairman), Yale University, New Haven,
Conn.

H. M. Baird, University of the City of New York, New York City.

I. T. Beckwith, Trinity College, Hartford, Conn.

Francis Brown, Union Theological Seminary, 1200 Park Ave., New
York City.

Miss A. C. Chapin, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.

Martin L. D'Ooge, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Henry Drisler, Columbia College, 48 West 46th St., New York City.

O. M. Fernald, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass.

Henry Gibbons, Amherst College, Amherst, Mass.

Basil L. Gildersleeve, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

William W. Goodwin, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

William G. Hale, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Albert Harkness, Brown University, Providence, R. I.

William A. Lamberton, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

Miss Abby Leach, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Seth Low (ex officio : President of the Archaeological Institute of

America), Columbia College, New York City.
Thomas W. Ludlow (Secretary), Cottage Lawn, Yonkers, N. Y.
Augustus C. Merriam (Chairman of Committee on Publications),

Columbia College, 640 Madison Ave., New York City.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Charles Eliot Norton, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Bernadotte Perrin, Adelbert College of W estern Reserve University,
Cleveland, Ohio.

Frederic J. de Peyster {Treasurer), 7 East 42d St., New York City.
Rufus B. Richardson {ex officio : Annual Director of the School),

Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H.
William M. Sloane, College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J.
Fitz Gerald Tisdall, College of the City of New York, New York City.
James C. Van Benschoten, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.
Charles Waldstein {ex officio : Director of the School), Cambridge,

England.

William R. Ware, School of Mines, Columbia College, New York City.
John Williams White, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

lExeatttrje Committee.

1890-91.

Thomas D. Seymour {Chairman).

William W. Goodwin.

Thomas W. Ludlow {Secretary) .

Charles Eliot Norton.

Frederic J. de Peyster {Treasurer).

William R. Ware.

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

©tation of ti)e School.

1882- 1883.

Director : William Watson Goodwin, Ph. D., LL. D., D.C. L., Eliot
Professor of Greek Literature in Harvard University.

1883- 1884.

Director : Lewis R. Packard, Ph. D., Hillhouse Professor of Greek

in Yale University.
Secretary : J. R. Sitlington Sterrett, Ph. D., Professor of Greek

in the University of Texas.

1884- 1885.

Director: James Cooke Van Benschoten, LL. D, Seney Professor
of the Greek Language and Literature in Wesleyan University.

1885- 1886.

Director : Frederic De Forest Allen, Ph. D., Professor of Classical
Philology in Harvard University.

1886- 1887.

Director : Martin L. D'Ooge, Ph. D., LL. D., Professor of Greek in
the University of Michigan.

1887- 1888.

Director : Augustus C. Merriam, Ph. D., Professor of Greek Archae-
ology and Epigraphy in Columbia College.

1888- 1889.

Director: Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt. D., L. H. D., Reader in
Archaeology at the University of Cambridge, England.

Annual Director : Frank Bigelow Tarbell, Ph.D., Instructor in
Harvard University.

1889- 1890.

Director: Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt. D., L. H. D.

Annual Director : S. Stanhope Orris, Ph.D., L. H. D., Evving Pro-
fessor of the Greek Language and Literature in the College of
New Jersey.

1890- 1891.

Director : Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt. D., L. H. D.
Annual Director: Rufus Byram Richardson, Ph.D., Professor of
Greek in Dartmouth College.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

(^operating (Mleges.

1890-91.

ADELBERT COLLEGE OF WESTERN

TRINITY COLLEGE.
UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEW
YORK.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
VASSAR COLLEGE.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY.
WELLESLEY COLLEGE.
WILLIAMS COLLEGE.
YALE UNIVERSITY.

^Trustees of tfje School,

James Russell Lowell* (President).

Edward J. Lowell {Treasurer).

William W. Goodwin (Secretary).

Martin Brimmer.

Henry Drisler.

Basil M. Gildersleeve.

Henry G. Marquand.

Charles Eliot Norton.

Frederic J. de Peyster.

Henry C. Potter.

William M. Sloane.

John Williams White.

lExecuttue (JTommi'ttee cf tfje ftrnsteeg.

James Russell Lowell.*
William W/ Goodwin.
Charles Eliot Norton.

* Died August 12, 1891.

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Stutonte.*

LOUIS BEVIER (i882-83),t

Associate Professor in Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J.

WALTER RAY BRIDGMAN (1883-84),

Professor in Lake Forest University, Lake Forest, 111.

CARLETON LEWIS BROWN SON (1890-).

CARL DARLING BUCK (1887-89),

Student in the University cf Leipzig.

N. E. CROSBY (1886-87),

Instructor in the College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J.

JOHN M. CROW (1882-83),

Professor in Iowa College, Grinnell, Iowa. Died Sept. 28, 1890.

WILLIAM LEE CUSHING (1885-87),

Head Master of the Westminster School, Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.

MORTIMER LAMSON EARLE (1887-88),

Instructor in Columbia College, New York City.

THOMAS H. ECKFELDT (1884-85),

Principal of the Friends' School, New Bedford, Mass.

A. F. FLEET (1887-88),

Superintendent of the Missouri Military Academy, Mexico, Mo.

ANDREW FOSS UM (1890-91),

Instructor in the Drisler School, New York City.

HAROLD NORTH FOWLER (1882-83),

Professor in Phillips Academy, Exeter, N. H.

JOHN WESLEY GILBERT (1890-9O.

HENRY T. HILDRETH (1885-86),

Professor in Wooster University, Wooster, Ohio,

W. IRVING HUNT (1889-90),

Tutor in Greek, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

GEORGE BENJAMIN HUSSEY (i887-88),t

Instructor in the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.

FRANCIS DEMETRIUS KALOPOTHAKES (1888-89),
Student in the University of Berlin.

JOSEPH McKEEN LEWIS (1885-87).
Died April 29, 1887.

GONZALEZ LODGE (i888-89),t

Associate Professor in Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa.

* The year of residence at the School is placed in a parenthesis after the name.

Italics indicate students of the year 1890-91
t Not present during the entire year.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

WALTER MILLER (1885-86),

Professor in the University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.

WILLIAM J. McMURTRY (1886-87),

Professor in Yankton College, Yankton, South Dakota.

Miss EMILY NORCROSS, (1888-89),

Instructor in Smith College, Northampton, Mass.

Miss ANNIE S. PECK (1885-86),

865 North Main Street, Providence, R. I.

JOHN PICK A RD (1890-91),

Student in the University of Munich.

DANIEL QUINN (1887-89),

Professor in the Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.

JOHN CAREW ROLFE (1888-89),

Assistant Professor in the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

WILLIAM J. SEELYE (1886-87),

Professor in Wooster University, Wooster, Ohio.

JOHN P. SHELLEY (1889-90),

Professor in Grove College, Grove City, Pa.

PAUL SHOREY (1882-83),

Associate Professor in Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa.

Miss EMILY E SLATER (1888-89).

Instructor at Science Hill, Shelby ville, Kentucky.

J. R. SITLINGTON STERRETT (1882-83),

Professor in the University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

FRANKLIN H. TAYLOR (1882-83),

Instructor in St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H.

OLIVER JOS. THATCHER (1887-88),

Professor in Alleghany Theological Seminary, Alleghany, Pa.

S. B. P. TROWBRIDGE (1886-88),
"Architect, New York City.

HENRY STEPHENS WASHINGTON (1888-91). t

JAMES R. WHEELER (1882-83),

Professor in the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt.

ALEXANDER M. WILCOX (1883-84),

Professor in the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.

FRANK E. WOODRUFF (1882-83)^

Professor in Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me.

THEODORE L. WRIGHT (1886-87),

Professor in Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin.

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE MANAGING COMMITTEE

OF THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

To the Council of the Archceo logical Institute of America : —

Gentlemen, — I have the honor to submit to you
the Report of the Managing Committee of the Ameri-
can School of Classical Studies at Athens, for the year
from October i, 1890, to October 1, 1891 ; and also
the Reports of the Director, Dr. Charles Waldstein,
and of the Annual Director, Professor Rufus B. Rich-
ardson, of Dartmouth College.

During the past year the following persons have
been enrolled as members of the School : —

Carleton Lee Brownson, A. B. Yale, Soldiers' Memorial
Fellow of Yale.
Andrew Fossum, Ph. D. Johns Hopkins.
John Wesley Gilbert, A. B. Brown.
John Pickard, A. B. Dartmouth.

In addition to these just named, Mr. Henry S.
Washington, A. M. Yale, as in the two preceding
years, spent part of the year in Greece in connection
with the School.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Professor Drisler of Columbia College, Professor
Farnam of Yale University, and Professor McLain
of Wabash College, visited Athens and the School
during the spring. Miss Harris, Miss Potter, and
Mr. F. W. Goodrich of Wesleyan University were
admitted to the ordinary privileges of the School.

The Reports of the Director and the Annual Direc-
tor give an account of the regular work of the School.
In addition to the lectures, the instruction, and the
guidance of the officers of the School, our students
as heretofore enjoyed the privilege of attending the
meetings of the German Archaeological Institute and
the lectures of Dr. Dorpfeld, Mr. Penrose, and Dr.
Ernest Gardner. The discourses of that veteran
archaeologist, Mr. Penrose, upon the Parthenon, were
particularly enjoyed.

The School was honored at its first open meeting of
the year by the presence of the King and Queen of
Greece, and of their Royal Highnesses the Duke and
Duchess of Sparta.

For the first time since the completion of its build-
ing, the School was favored with the presence of the
wife of an Annual Director, and to Mrs. Richardson
is due the renewal and extension of the social life
of the School which was so delightful during some
of its earlier years.

The sixth volume of the Papers of the School will
contain detailed accounts of the excavations conducted
by the School during the past year.

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

I I

Dr. Waldstein's present Report gives the most im-
portant facts with regard to the excavations of 1891 at
Eretria, under his own direction, assisted by Professor
Richardson. The discoveries there are of moment in
several respects. The " Philosopher's tomb/' as it has
been called, is interesting in itself, and will become
far more so if it is proved to be the burial place of
the great Aristotle. The theatre at Eretria presents
several novelties, of which the most notable is the
underground passage leading from the centre of the
orchestra to the stage building. This seems to be
intended for the use of actors who were to appear
suddenly before the audience, like the Shade of Da-
rius in the Persians of -^Eschylus, or to disappear
suddenly, as the Chorus and Prometheus himself in
the Prometheus of .^Eschylus.

On the discovery at Eretria of the subterranean
passage from the orchestra to the greenroom, curi-
osity was awakened anew with regard to the similar
passage in the theatre at Sicyon.1 During this last
summer, Mr. Earle, at the suggestion of Professor
Merriam and under a special appropriation of the
Archaeological Institute, conducted further investiga-
tions at Sicyon in order to determine the use of this
passage (v7rovofjLo<;y as it has been styled). This seems
to have been intended to serve both as a conduit for
water and as a passage for actors.

1 See the report by Mr. W. L. Earle, in the seventh volume of the
American Journal of Archaeology.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

The excavations at Plataea were continued, under
the care and at the expense of Mr. H. S. Washington,
who has maintained his connection with the School
for three years, and who took an active part in the
excavations of the previous year. His fortunate dis-
covery of the deme of Plothea in 1889 had whet-
ted his appetite for developing " the science of the
spade." He discovered this spring the remains of an
ancient temple, — possibly that of Hera.

The Director of the School has secured from the
Greek government the choice among several important
and promising sites for exploration and excavation.
This work of excavation is valuable for the School in
several respects. It not only brings to the knowledge
of the archaeological world objects and information
which may settle vexed questions, or at least help to
give them definite settlement ; it also provides stimu-
lus to the members of the School, and (most important
of all, perhaps) absolutely new archaeological material
to be examined and discussed. Nothing else could
give so good training in independent research in this
department. Owing to a misunderstanding, Dr. Wald-
stein did not use at Eretria the appropriation of one
thousand dollars by the Archaeological Institute for
excavation ; so at least that sum, and the Committee
hope a still larger one, will be available for that work
in the spring of 1892.

Soon after the publication of the Ninth Report,
official information was received that the privilege of

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

excavating on the site of Delphi had been granted to
the French. While we regret the loss of the opportu-
nity, which seemed fairly within our reach, to bring to
the light of day the remains of that distinguished seat
of Greek religion, yet we wish our friendly rivals, the
French, the highest success in their undertaking, and
trust that the work may be speedily accomplished to
the satisfaction of all who are interested in classical
studies. The disposition of the Greek government
toward our School remains most friendly, and we are
again indebted to the Ephor General of Antiquities,
Mr. Kabbadias, for many kindly offices. Simply for
the training of our students in the most immediate
future, the proffered sites of the Heraeum, Sparta, and
Messene may be nearly as valuable as Delphi would
have been.

Professor William Carey Poland of Brown Univer-
sity was unanimously elected Annual Director of the
School for the year 1891-92, and is just entering upon
his duties, after visiting the principal Museums of
Europe on his way to Greece. Professor Poland has
gained distinction for his tact and general success in
administration, and as a former student of archaeol-
ogy under Ernst Curtius, has paid special attention
to departments of study which will be important and
valuable in his work at Athens.

At the May meeting in Cambridge, the Com-
mittee adopted unanimously the following impor-
tant resolution : —

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Resolved, that after October I, 1892, the School shall have
a permanent officer in residence at Athens during the entire
school year, from October 1 to June 1.

Further action on this matter was deferred to the
November meeting of the Committee.

The Committee reports with pleasure that two addi-
tional institutions of learning have during the past
year accepted invitations to assist in the support of
the School, — the University of Vermont and Mt.
Holyoke College.

Professor Rufus B. Richardson, Ph. D., of Dart-
mouth College, has been elected member of the
Managing Committee, on the expiration of his ex
officio membership as Annual Director.

Professor James R. Wheeler, Ph. D., has been
elected to represent the University of Vermont in
this Committee.

Mrs. Elizabeth S. Mead, President of Mt. Holyoke
College, has been elected a member of the Managing
Committee to represent the institution over which
she presides.

Among the colleges which are associated in the
support of the School are now three colleges for
women, — Mt. Holyoke, Vassar, and Wellesley, — in
addition to Cornell University and the University
of Michigan, where young women are received as
students. Already the School has numbered three
women among its regular students, and has extended
special privileges to others. The hope is cherished

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

that provision may be made for the greater comfort
and convenience of the work of young American
women pursuing philological studies in Greece.
Thoughtful attentions to these wards of the School
are among the unnumbered kindnesses of Dr. and
Mrs. Kalopothakes.

The University of Missouri withdraws from the
company of institutions which support the School ;
but the publications of the School will continue to
be sent to that University, and its students will be
admitted to the School.

Considerable sums have been spent during the
past year on the grounds and building of the School
in Athens. The house is made more convenient,
and the grounds more attractive. The cost of repairs
is more than would seem reasonable to one who
did not consider the extremes of the Athenian cli-
mate, — the extraordinary dryness of the summer
(no spot on the continent of Europe being more
sunny), and the moist, chilly winters. The inter-
change of these conditions works destruction to ordi-
nary modern buildings and furniture.

The well known German architect residing in
Athens, Mr. Eduard Ziller, has consented to act as
supervising architect for the School.

In view of their many freely given services in
connection with the improvements of the building
and grounds, the thanks of the Committee have been
voted to the Rev. Dr. Kalopothakes, to Professor

1 6 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Moschou, and to Mr. Arthur McDowall, U. S. Vice
Consul at the Piraeus.

The income of the School is slightly larger than
ever before. About five thousand dollars which had
been given for the excavation of Delphi was trans-
ferred with the consent of the givers to the Endow-
ment Fund of the School. This fund, in the hands of
the Treasurer of the Trustees, now amounts to about
$54,000. The value of the building and library at
Athens, together with the ground, which was the gift
of the Greek government, would amount to about
$46,000. Thus the entire property of the School is
almost exactly $100,000.

The debt which the Committee contracted for the
building is almost extinguished. Only a few hundred
dollars remains to be paid.

The Committee hope that the Endowment Fund
may be completed soon, and that the School may not
need to ask for such heavy contributions from the
supporting colleges. For the present, however, its
entire income is needed for the most efficient and
economical administration of the School, and we take
pleasure in the anticipation of new accessions to the
supporting colleges in the near future.

The publication of the fifth volume of the Papers
of the School, embracing the reports of the work done
at Sicyon, Icaria, Plataea, etc., is expected in the early
months of 1892.

On the whole, the academic year of 1890-91 has

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

been one of prosperity for the School. Distinct pro-
gress has been made. Every year sees the work of
the School on a surer foundation.

Every year Greece is brought nearer to the course
of ordinary travel, and becomes more accessible. Now
the traveller can leave Olympia in the morning, and
dine in Athens on the evening of that day ; he can
leave Athens in the morning, visit Mycenae and Tiryns,
and reach Nauplia in the evening. The inconve-
niences of travel in Greece are greatly lessened ; the
comforts of sojourn and travel are increased. Many
famous sites have been made accessible, and have
been better cleared for observation. The museums
of Greece now contain most important and unique
material for the study of classical antiquities. And
while the advantages and conveniences of residence
in Greece are increased, the charms of the ruins, the
climate, and the mountains remain the same. The
importance to a classical student of a residence in
Greece is sure to become more and more manifest.

THOMAS D. SEYMOUR,

Chairman,

New Haven, Conn., October 1, 1891.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

To the Managing Committee of the American School of Clas-
sical Studies at Athens : —

Gentlemen, — I beg to submit to you the follow-
ing statement as to the work of the School for the
period of the last year during which I have had ac-
tive charge of its management.

I arrived at Athens on December 16, and found
the School in a very satisfactory state, owing to the
zeal and tact of my colleague for this year, Professor
Richardson. Of the work of the School during the
period in which he was in charge you will have an
account in his own Report. During the time in
which I had the benefit of his co-operation, owing
to his cordial spirit, our relations were throughout
of the most friendly and pleasant character. Four
regular students were attached to the School : Messrs.
Brownson of Yale University, Fossum of Johns Hop-
kins University, Gilbert of Brown University, and
Pickard of Dartmouth College. These proved them-
selves serious and enthusiastic students. Besides
these regular students, several others, recommended
to us in the proper way, took an active part in our
work. Among these I may mention Mr. Goodrich,

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

of the Wesleyan University, while several women
were regular attendants at all the lectures and exer-
cises of the School. Toward the close of my stay at
Athens, Mr. Washington, a former student, returned
to Athens and joined us, and undertook work of
which I shall have to say a few words in the course
of this Report. There were also a number of visitors
to whom it was an honor to us to extend hospitality.
Among these I must mention Professor Drisler of
Columbia College, and Mr. Whitelaw Reid, the United
States Minister at Paris.

The first days after my arrival were given chiefly
to the work connected with our endeavors to obtain
the concession to excavate Delphi. This question is
now definitively settled in a manner known to you
all,1 and it cannot serve any purpose to dwell upon the
details of what took place. It will suffice to say that
owing to the applications which preceded the change
of government in the autumn of last year, and to
some delicate questions of policy which it would be
impossible to enumerate, the ministry in power before
the present one had not grasped with absolute clear-
ness the interpretation which we were led to put upon
the engagement to our School. As furthermore the
French government had distinctly manifested its de-
sire and intention to excavate Delphi several years
ago, and a conditional engagement on the part of
the Greek government had then been made to it,

1 See Revue des Etudes Grecques for May and June, 1891, p. 189.

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

the present government thought it right to recog-
nize the claim of France as prior to our own, and
has accordingly bestowed this concession upon the
French School at Athens. In the interests of science,
and in generous feeling to our French colleagues, we
wish them every success in this undertaking ; and
I am happy to say that the relations between the
French School, under the present Director, M. Ho-
molle, and your Directors and students, have never
been more cordial.

I began my lectures in the Library of the School,
as well as the peripatetic ones in the various Mu-
seums, on December 22, and continued them to the
end of my stay, except when interrupted by the work
of excavation or exploration. I left Greece on April
11. There were fourteen of these lectures. I was
also available to the students for consultation in their
work, and suggested to them a number of subjects for
original papers. To this course of instruction were
added less formal evening talks on archaeological
subjects, such as the difference between archaic and
archaistic art. There were also evening meetings at
which the students read papers. At one of these,
Mr. Pickard gave a general account of the construc-
tion of Greek theatres, and Mr. Gilbert read his paper
on " The City Demes of Attica."

Archaeologists at Athens were much moved by the
sudden death of Dr. Schliemann, and our School took
an official part both in the ceremonies of his burial

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

and in the official recognition made of the services of
this enthusiastic student of the Hellenic past. The
opening meeting of the School, which took place
on January 6, was a memorial meeting to Dr. Schlie-
mann. At this meeting I gave some account of his
archaeological work, and attempted to form an esti-
mate of his services to archaeology. This was fol-
lowed by a paper on Damophon of Messene and the
Sculptures from Lycosura, for which purpose the
Greek authorities had kindly sent to the School casts
from the colossal figures which have been recently
discovered. Professor Richardson read his paper
on the inscription which we found last year in our
excavations at Plataea. Both these papers will be
handed to you for publication. Besides the promi-
nent archaeologists, Greek and foreign, the students
and Directors of the other Schools at Athens, and
many other people of distinction, the School was
honored on this occasion by the presence of their
Majesties the King and Queen of the Hellenes, and
their Royal Highnesses the Crown Prince and Crown
Princess.

The second public meeting of the School was held
on January 20, when Mr. Fossum read a paper on
a Statuette in the National Museum of Athens and
Eirene and Plutus, while I contributed papers on the
following subjects: (1) Myron and Polycletus, with
regard to Pliny, N. H., xxiv. 19, Primus hie multipli-
casse veritatem, etc. (2) An Account of a Visit to

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

CEniadae in Acarnania. (3) Remarks on a Praxitelean
Statue in the National Museum of Athens.

During my absence at Eretria, Professor Richard-
son read a paper on the Battlefields of Marathon and
Thermopylae, and Mr. Brownson one on the Poros
Sculptures on the Acropolis, and their relation to
Vase Painting.

The fourth public meeting took place on March 16,
when I gave a Report on the Excavations at Eretria,
and Professor Richardson reported on the work which
had been done in the theatre there, and the inscrip-
tions there found.

At the fifth public meeting, on March 27, I made
a preliminary statement with regard to the supposed
tomb of Aristotle at Eretria, Mr. Fossum reported on
the stage-building at Eretria, and Mr. Pickard read
his paper on Dionysus eV Aifivais.

As regards excavations, I have pleasure in report-
ing an unusually successful campaign. Last summer
the Ephor General of Antiquities, Mr. Kabbadias,
granted us the site of Eretria in Eubcea. From
the historical interest of the place, as well as from
the appearance of numerous interesting articles in the
Athenian market of antiquities, which could ulti-
mately be traced to Eretria, this site appeared most
desirable. On February 1, I left Athens for Eretria,
having been preceded by a few days by Mr. Fossum,
who, I may say at once, with great perseverance, re-
mained at Eretria till we closed the excavations on

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

March 20. I began excavating within the modern
town, where Mr. Condoyanni had kindly authorized
me to dig on his property. This site soon proved
devoid of promise ; and so, having started Mr. Fossum
at the theatre, I returned to my work in Athens.
On February 18, I again left for Eretria, accom-
panied by Professor Richardson and Mr. Brownson.
The weather being extremely unfavorable, we all had
to suffer considerable hardship. On February 26, we
were joined by Messrs. Pickard and Gilbert. It will
be seen that the whole School had practically mi-
grated to Eretria, and I was glad to be able to give
all the regular students an opportunity of taking an
active share in the work of excavation.

The work of excavation and exploration was dis-
tributed in the following manner. Mr. Fossum super-
vised the excavation of the very interesting and large
skene of the theatre, while Mr. Brownson had charge
of the work in the orchestra and koilon. Mr. Pickard,
who had the energetic co-operation of Mr. Gilbert,
undertook the survey and careful study of all the
ancient walls of the city and acropolis, and will pro-
duce a plan and an account which I have no doubt
will be of great topographical and historical value.
One point, for instance, is definitively settled by our
investigations, namely, that the older and the newer
Eretria certainly occupy the same site. Professor
Richardson undertook the department of epigraphy,
and has promised to deal with the interesting light

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT

thrown by our archaeological investigations upon this
important centre of the ancient Greek world.

We were in hopes of being able to discover the
Temple of Amarynthian Artemis, which could not but
supply important finds in art and epigraphy. But we
have not yet been able to fix this site.

At the time, I was not aware of the grant of
money for excavation which had been made by the
Institute for this year and for the previous year.
The money which I had at my disposal was the sum
of five hundred dollars, which had been furnished
to me by personal friends, and which I had kept
over from two years ago. As the theatre of Ere-
tria required a considerable amount of digging, and
as the incidental expenses were comparatively high,
I felt bound to deal very cautiously with the fund
I had in hand. I did not feel justified in expend-
ing the limited School money on excavations of
doubtful results ; and as an offer was made me by
a land-owner to dig over graves on his property, and
I was desirous of studying the methods of ancient
interment and finding some white lekythoi, of which
fine specimens had previously been found at Eretria,
I decided to carry on this part of the exploration
on my own responsibility.

I have already alluded to the hardships we had
to undergo owing to the inclemency of the weather,
and I feel that the enthusiasm and perseverance of
my fellow workers deserves special notice. When,

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

for instance, after three days of heavy snow, a foot
and a half lying on the ground, our workmen refused
to dig, and only three extra men could be found, Pro-
fessor Richardson and the students volunteered to
join in the actual work of digging on the site on
which subsequently the " grave of Aristotle " was
found, and did so with a vigor which astonished
the natives.

It is of course too soon to make any attempt at
giving an adequate account of the results of these
excavations. But I may enumerate these results in
a few words. The theatre proves to be one of singu-
lar interest, and will furnish, perhaps, important evi-
dence bearing upon questions which now exercise the
minds of specialists. But it would be quite prema-
ture to venture upon any conclusions from the evi-
dence as yet available. It will even be a matter of
considerable intricacy to decide upon the date of the
theatre. A fragmentary inscription referring to it,
found in digging at the skene, certainly appears to go
back to the fourth century before Christ. But I think
I may say now that there are traces of three distinct
periods in the walls and construction of the skene
alone.

In some ways, the theatre seems to present close
analogy to those of Epidaurus and the Amphiareion
of Oropos. A very striking feature in the skene
is the well preserved archway through the middle.
Still more striking is an underground passage, with

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 2 J

•

steps leading' down to it from the inside of the
logeion, running toward the centre of the orchestra,
where again steps lead up into the orchestra. This
may be an important key to certain questions. Much
light has already been gained, but we may hope that
next year's work will produce still more. Meanwhile
I venture to refer to the estimate I have heard ex-
pressed by Dr. Dorpfeld as to the great importance
of the results of these excavations.

The graves investigated have yielded a compara-
tively rich harvest in objects of art and other antiqui-
ties,— among them articles of jewelry and some white
lekythoi of singular perfection. These objects ought
certainly to be published with adequate illustration.
Great interest has naturally been manifested in the
discovery of the tomb which, it has been conjectured,
may have contained the remains of the philosopher
Aristotle. It was my intention to sift this question
carefully before venturing upon any announcement;
but as the news had spread rapidly through the Eu-
ropean and American press, and as I feared exag-
gerated accounts, I sent a letter to " The Nation," in
which I endeavored to set forth the facts as soberly
as possible. This letter has since been published ;
but as more or less accurate reports were still circu-
lating throughout Europe, I thought it right to
make use of an opportunity which offered itself,
upon my return to London, to make another pre-
liminary statement in the May number of " The Nine-

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

teenth Century." As a question of this kind is of
so great interest to so large a number of people, I
do not think it right to withhold information longer
than necessary, and I shall endeavor to give wider
publicity to the facts when I think that they are
sufficiently confirmed. I may now state that the in-
vestigations I have since been able to make certainly
do not run counter to the attribution of this tomb to
the great philosopher, but tend rather to confirm it.

Professor Richardson and I returned to Athens on
March 9, and I went again to Eretria on March 16
to make final investigations about this tomb, though
no further evidence bearing on the main point had
been forthcoming. I found, however, a marble statu-
ette of great interest, which also I hope to publish in
due course of time. I must add that Mr. Washington,
with his wonted energy and enthusiasm, volunteered
to continue the excavations at Plataea at his own ex-
pense, and started to do so in the month of April. I
have since heard from him that, though he was not
successful in finding any further traces of ancient
buildings on the site of Church I. as shown on the
plan, (see Volume V. of the Papers of the School,)
he has come upon what proves to be a very interesting
ancient building of poros stone, 37.55 meters long
inside by 9.80 meters wide, surrounded by a wide
platform detached from the building, built of huge
blocks of poros stone and paved with coarse marble.
These remains are on the terrace above the "votive

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

cutting " marked in the map of our excavation of last
year. Mr. Washington also found here a number of
bronze articles, parts of tools, fibulae, bracelets, etc.,
but no inscriptions. His full report will follow.

For next year we have the opportunity to undertake
work on a very large scale. We shall have to com-
plete the excavations at the theatre and about certain
graves at Eretria, while I have succeeded in obtaining
from the Greek government a concession (which will
have to be confirmed by the Chamber) of the right to
excavate for seven years on two sites to be chosen
by me out of five which I suggested. In order to
decide upon this choice, I left Athens on April 1, ac-
companied by Mr. Brownson, and examined the site
of the Heraeum of Argos and Argos itself, Tegea,
Sparta, Messene, and Elis. I was told of difficulties
w7hich might arise in the expropriation of private
property at Sparta, but I have convinced myself
on tl;e spot that these will not be serious ; while,
on the other hand, from the nature of the soil, as
well as from the indications of what has already been
found there, I am bound to consider Sparta one of
the most hopeful sites in Greece. With regard to
the other sites, the difficulty lies in choosing between
Messene and Elis. Elis is a priori the most prom-
ising, but Messene seems from the configuration of
the soil to be preferable. Near the village of Mav-
romati, within the city walls, it appears that the an-
cient Agora is well covered with a thick layer of soil

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

washed down by the stream from the hill of Ithome.
Elis also looks well, but bears traces of frequent
devastation. On the whole I find it difficult to de-
cide between these two sites, one of which, certainly,
we should choose. If I should ultimately succeed
in gaining the concession, I propose to begin early
next season to dig at Eretria and at the Heraeum of
Argos, where the excavations of Bursian and Rhan-
gabe, many years ago, certainly require completion.
Later in the season, Sparta should be tried, and
either Messene or Elis. The students who have
been with us this year seem so much roused by the
interest of the work that three of them have already
expressed their desire to return to it, and they will
certainly be useful in taking charge of some parts of
the excavations.

Finally, I can only hope, as regards the working
of the School in Athens, that we may be as suc-
cessful next year as we have been in the year just
past. -

CHARLES WALDSTEIN.

King's College, Cambridge,
May 9, 1891.

REPORT OF THE ANNUAL DIRECTOR.

To the Managing Committee of the American School of Clas-
sical Studies at Athens : —

Gentlemen, — I have the honor to submit the fol-
lowing Report.

After spending a week in Corfu, I arrived in Ath-
ens on September 30. As the four students, Messrs.
Brownson, Fossum, Gilbert, and Pickard, arrived at
the same time, the work of the School commenced at
once. During nearly the whole of October we went
together every morning, visiting all the remains of an-
cient Athens, taking with us helpful books from the
library, and, returning at noon, devoted the rest of
the day to such supplementary reading and discussion
as the various monuments invited. We held no set
meetings in connection with this work, but out of it
grew Mr. Pickard's paper on the Limnae, and Mr.
Gilbert's on the City Demes.

One feature of the School work made quite promi-
nent this year has been the securing of an acquaintance
with the soil of Greece outside of Athens. After two
visits to Salamis, and a tour of three days to Mara-
thon and Rhamnus, we made a long tour, mostly on
foot, lasting ten days, including Acro-Corinth, Delphi,
Amphissa, Thermopylae, Elatea, Chaeronea, Orchome-

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

nus, Lebadea, Thebes, Thespiae, Leuctra, and Platasa.
Besides this, with some members of the School, I
have visited Phyle, Eleusis, and Sunium, as well as
nearly every point of historical interest in Thessaly
and Peloponnesus. Mr. Gilbert left Athens to study
in Berlin, early in April ; but the other students,
together with the Annual Director, accompanied Dr.
Dorpfeld on his tour with the members of the Ger-
man Archaeological Institute through Peloponnesus.
This courtesy shown us by the head of the German
Institute was but the culmination of his kindness in
allowing us to attend all his lectures on the monu-
ments of Athens, as he explained them on the spot.
When the members of the School who have been in
attendance this year come to speak on the geography
of Greece, they will be sure to be interested themselves,
and probably will succeed in interesting others.

As regards the literary side of our work, two books
have been our constant companions, Pausanias and
Herodotus. All the volumes of Pausanias in the li-
brary will probably need rebinding; and, as we often
came to the discussion of Herodotus's battle topogra-
phy, there are certain well worn pages in our copies
of that author.

For a period of about six weeks before the arrival
of Dr. Waldstein, on December 16, we had one exer-
cise a week, of from two to three hours' duration, for
the reading of classic authors. We read in this way,
besides considerable portions of Herodotus, the Per-
sians of ^Eschylus, and Plutarch's Pericles.

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

During the same period we had another exercise
weekly in epigraphy, which we supplemented as far as
time allowed by the study of inscriptions in Athens.

The arrival of Dr. Waldstein put a stop to these
occupations, and under his guidance we devoted our-
selves to the Museum of Sculpture. Of this he will
speak himself. It may be mentioned, that we, in an-
ticipation of this, had done very little work in the
museums. Dr. Gardner, however, the Director of the
British School, had kindly invited us to several lec-
tures of his on vase-paintings, and subsequently had
taken us through the collection of vases, illustrating
by examples what he had already spoken of in the
lectures.

During Dr. Gardner's absence of several months
in the winter, we were privileged not only to have the
veteran and venerable archaeologist, Mr. Penrose, for
our neighbor, but also to hear his talks on the Parthe-
non, which no man perhaps understands and loves
better than he. The relations between the two neigh-
bor schools, both socially and otherwise, have been
a very pleasant element during the year.

Of the social side of the year in our delightful
School building, perhaps it hardly becomes me to
speak ; but I may say that probably in no year since
the establishment of the School have more of its
friends presented themselves at its doors than in this
year. The meeting and greeting of so many of them
has been extremely pleasant. To mention names

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

would be to make invidious distinctions. It is not
out of place, however, to speak of the kindness and ge-
nial presence of the American Minister, Mr. Snowden,
who has been often with us. To the Consul and Vice
Consul, Messrs. Manatt and McDowall, we are also
indebted for friendly offices. Dr. Schliemann having
now passed away, mention may be made of him as a
friendly visitor, and of the fact that it was at his home
first of all that my wife and I were entertained after
our arrival in Athens. Last, but not least, Dr. and
Mrs. Kalopothakes must be named as the same un-
wearied benefactors of the School that they have been
in the past. To those who know what that means,
this is praise enough.

Besides the four students in attendance during the
whole year, Mr. F. W. Goodrich, of Wesleyan Uni-
versity, has lived in the School building during two
periods of several weeks each, and has attended the
public exercises held at that time. Miss Potter and
Miss Harfis also have attended all our public exer-
cises, and have done considerable reading with the
help of our library.

The additions to the library have been largely in
the continuation of periodicals and serials already
subscribed for. A considerable sum has been ex-
pended on binding. Very few books have been pre-
sented to the library this year. Among these may
be mentioned : Lepsius, Griechische Marmorstudien,
presented by the German Archaeological Institute ;

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 35

Sakellarius, Td KvirpiaKa, by Dr. Waldstein ; J. R.
Stuart, Description of some Ancient Monuments of
Lydia and Phrygia ; and Tozer, Islands of the ^gean,
by Mr. H. S. Washington.

Of the excavations at Eretria in February and
March, Dr. Waldstein will report, as they were under
his personal direction. I paid especial attention to
the inscriptions discovered, and to the walls and to-
pography of Eretria.

I cannot speak too warmly of my pleasant associa-
tion with Dr. Waldstein during the whole period of
his presence in Greece. Nothing in the course of
our intimate association in Athens and in the Eretrian
campaign occurred to prevent me from looking back
upon the year as having brought me into association
with a delightful colleague.

I cannot help feeling that the year has been a
successful one for the School. It was painful to
wTatch the opportunity of excavating Delphi slipping
from our grasp, but even what was done at Eretria
was interesting and stimulating. It may be predicted
with absolute certainty that our four students will go
back in due time to America, if not trained archae-
ologists, at least with an interest in the Greek lands,
and the life and monuments of ancient Greece, which
will make them infectious centres of interest wher-
ever they pitch their tents.

RUFUS B. RICHARDSON,

Annual Director for 1890-91.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

8 ^ico ^-^8

O 00 ro o ro
CO M

•J

<
i — i

ooooooooooo oooo

oooqqooooqo oqqo

d o d o o 6 o 6 6 d 6 dodo

ir, iri io o lo lt-, uo i_n u-, Lfi Ln u->

CO
CO

- o « rn o c - T->

^ ^ D [fl H-^

«3

,<-m en q .—

o s-

« ^ » 0) > J D 5 +J

22 5 a> *2 ^ ©JO > C

L k OJ C C JJ ■« <L)

3 CO (U w 7^

£ eJHU 5 2-5 u^g: £ o »3

O 0 ^ > 0^>,0 0^h2

«5* a

<u c

U <u

g: <u
<

c if-. -

| e *

w>3

CJ >— i —
fl U O

jd £
M CO

111

0 " «
a 5 ot; ^

1 o «^
£ v o o -g
-m 'rt ^ <L>

ro O

vq rj- q

ro On O

co d

r4 CO d

M rt O

N O ro

ro . .

*8=

>-o

O OO N
O roO N 'N N

O r4 ro

O N h O tfO

LO w CO i-h

ft
Q

ojo
n3 ^

3 <L>

1 =

CC .r-

C jO bjO-^

1-1 ^3 si i- <u O tn
ri O O 3 O
CO Ph Ph

aj O ^

jh aft<u

^ h i- - G

CO •

t« .

D- *

w ON

S- I

ON
O CO

<L> ^

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS.

OCTOBER, 1891.

The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, founded by
the Archaeological Institute of America, and organized under the
auspices of some of the leading American Colleges, was opened Octo-
ber 2, 1882. During the first five years of its existence it occupied
a hired house on the 'OSos 'A^aXtas in Athens, near the ruins of the
Olympieion. A large and convenient building has now been erected
for the School on a piece of land, granted by the generous liberality of
the Government of Greece, on the southeastern slope of Mount Lyca-
bettus, adjoining the ground already occupied by the English School.
This permanent home of the School, built by the subscriptions of its
friends in the United States, was ready for occupation early in 1888.

The advantages of the School are offered free of expense for tuition
to graduates of the Colleges co-operating in its support, and to other

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

A peculiar feature of the temporary organization of the School dur-
ing its first six years, which has distinguished it from the older German
and French Schools at Athens, has been the yearly change of Director.
This arrangement, by which a new Director has been sent out each year
by one of the co-operating Colleges, was never looked upon as perma-
nent. The School will henceforth be under the control of a permanent
Director, who by continuous residence at Athens will accumulate that
body of local and special knowledge without which the highest purpose
of such a school cannot be fulfilled, while an Annual Director also will
be sent out each year by one of the Colleges to assist in the conduct of
the School. (See Regulation V.) The School has been able, even under
its temporary organization, to meet a most pressing want, and to be of
service to classical scholarship in America. It has sought at first, and
it must continue to seek for the present, rather to arouse a lively inter-
est in classical archaeology in American Colleges than to accomplish
distinguished achievements. The lack of this interest has heretofore
been conspicuous ; but without it the School at Athens, however well
endowed, can never accomplish the best results. A decided improve-
ment in this respect is already apparent ; and it is beyond question
that the presence in many American Colleges of professors who have
been resident a year at Athens under favorable circumstances, as an-
nual directors or as students of the School, has done much, and will
do still more, to stimulate intelligent interest in classic antiquity.

The address of the Chairman of the Managing Committee is
Thomas D. Seymour, New Haven, Conn. ; that of the Secretary,
Thomas W. Ludlow, Yonkers, N. Y.

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

REGULATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF
CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

OCTOBER, 1891.

II. The School is in charge of a Managing Committee. This Com-
mittee, which was originally appointed by the Archaeological Institute,
disburses the annual income of the School, and has power to add to
its membership and to make such regulations for the government of
the School as it may deem proper. The President of the Archaeo-
logical Institute and the Director and Annual Director of the School
are ex-officio members of the Committee.

III. The Managing Committee meets semi-annually, — in New
York on the third Friday in November, and in Boston on the third
Friday in May. Special meetings may be called at any time by the
Chairman.

2. Each year the Committee appoints from the instructors of the
Colleges uniting in the support of the School an Annual Director,
who resides in Athens during the ensuing year and co-operates in

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

the conduct of the School. In case of the illness or absence of the
Director, the Annual Director acts as Director for the time being.

VII. The school year extends from the ist of October to the ist
of June. Members are required to prosecute their studies during the
whole of this time in Greek lands, under the supervision of the Direc-
tor. The studies of the remaining four months necessary to complete
a full year (the shortest term for which a certificate is given) may be
carried on in Greece or elsewhere, as the student prefers.

VIII. Bachelors of Arts of co-operating Colleges, and all Bachelors
of Arts who have studied at one of these Colleges as candidates for
a higher degree, are admitted to membership in the School on pre-
senting to the Committee a certificate from the instructors in classics
of the College at which they have last studied, stating that they
are competent to pursue an independent course of study at Athens
under the advice of the Director. All other persons who desire
to become members of the School must make application to the
Committee. Members of the School are subject to no charge for
tuition. The Committee reserves the right to modify the conditions
of membership.

IX. Every member of the School must pursue some definite sub-
ject of study or research in Classical Literature, Art, or Antiquities,
and must present a paper embodying the results of some important
part of his year's work. These papers, if approved by the Director,
shall be sent to the Managing Committee, in accordance with the
provisions of Regulation XII. If recommended for publication by
the Committee on Publications also, the paper will be issued in the
Papers of the School.

X. All work of excavation, of investigation, or of any other kind
done by any student in connection with the School, shall be regarded
as done for the School and by the School, and shall be under the
supervision and control of the Director, who shall also, in conjunction

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

with the Committee on Publications, supervise and control all publica-
tion of the results, giving full acknowledgment for work done by the
student.

XL No communications, even of an informal nature, shall be
made by students of the School to the public press, without being
submitted to the Director in charge of the School, and authorized
by him.

XII. * 1. All manuscripts, drawings, or photographs intended for
publication in the Papers of the School, after approval by the Director,

, shall be sent to the Chairman of the Managing Committee of the
School, who at his convenience shall transmit them to the Committee
on Publications.

2. In preparing the manuscript for such articles, a comparatively
light quality of paper shall be used ; the paper for any one article
shall be of one size ; a margin of two or three inches in width shall be
kept at the left. The writing must be clear and distinct, in particular
for all quotations and references. Especial care must be taken in
writing Greek, that the printer may not confound similar letters, and
the accents must be placed strictly above the proper vowels, as in
printing. All quotations and references must be particularly verified
by the author, after the article is completed, by comparison with the
original sources.

3. At least two careful squeezes shall be taken as soon as possible
of every inscription discovered by the School ; of these one shall be
sent at once to the Chairman of the Committee on Publications, the
other deposited in the Library of the School.

XIII. When any member of the School has completed one or
more full years of study, the results of which have been approved
by the Director, he receives a certificate stating the work accom-
plished by him, signed by the Director of the School, the President
of the Archaeological Institute, and the Chairman and the Secretary
of the Managing Committee.

XIV. American students resident or travelling in Greece who are
not regular members of the School may, at the discretion of the Direc-
tor, be enrolled as special students, and enjoy the privileges of the
School.

* Failure to comply with the provisions of Regulation XII. will be sufficient
ground for the rejection of any paper.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL
OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

1 882-1 890.

First, Second, and Third Annual Reports of the Managing Com-
mittee, 1881-84. pp. 30.

Fourth Annual Report of the Committee, 1884-85. pp. 30.

Fifth and Sixth Annual Reports of the Committee, 1885-87. pp. 56.

Seventh Annual Report of the Committee, 1887-88, with the Re-
port of Professor D'Ooge (Director in 1886-87) an^ that of Professor
Merriam (Director in 1887-88). pp. 115.

Eighth Annual Report of the Committee, 1888-89, w*tn tue R-e~
ports of the Director, Dr. Waldstein, and of the Annual Director,
Dr. Tarbell. pp. 53.

Ninth Annual Report of the Committee, 1889-90, with the Reports
of the Director, Dr. Waldstein, and of the Annual Director, Professor
Orris, pp. 49.

Bulletin I. Report of Professor William W. Goodwin, Director of
the School in 1882-83. PP- 33- Price 25 cents.

Bulletin II. Memoir of Professor Lewis R. Packard, Director of
the School in 1883-84, with Resolutions of the Committee and the
Report for 1883-84. pp. 34. Price 25 cents.

Preliminary Report of an Archaeological Journey made in Asia
Minor during the Summer of 1884. By Dr. J. R. S. Sterrett. pp. 45.
Price 25 cents.

PAPERS OF THE SCHOOL.

Volume I. 1882-83. Published in 1885. 8vo. pp. viii and 262.
Illustrated. Price $2.00.

Contents : —

1. Inscriptions of Assos, edited by J. R. S. Sterrett.

2. Inscriptions of Tralleis, edited by J. R. S. Sterrett.

3. The Theatre of Dionysus, by James R. Wheeler.

4. The Olympieion at Athens, by Louis Bevier.

5. The Erechtheion at Athens, by Harold N. Fowler.

6. The Battle of Salamis, by William W. Goodwin.

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Volume IV. 1885-86. Published in 1888. 8vo. pp.277. Illus-
trated. Price $2.00.

Contents : —

1. The Theatre of Thoricus, Preliminary Report, by Walter Miller.

2. The Theatre of Thoricus, Supplementary Report, by William L. Cushing.

3. On Greek Versification in Inscriptions, by Frederic D. Allen.

4. The Athenian Pnyx, by John M. Crow ; with a Survey of the Pnyx and
Notes, by Joseph Thacher Clarke.

5. Notes on Attic Vocalism, by J. McKeen Lewis.

CIRCULAR OF INFORMATION FOR STUDENTS WHO
PROPOSE TO JOIN THE SCHOOL.

OCTOBER, 1891.

Students in Athens will find a knowledge of German and French
of the utmost service in all their work.

The books in the following lists of which the titles are printed in
the larger type are recommended to students as an introduction to the
different branches of Greek Archaeology. The more special works,
whose titles are printed in smaller type, are recommended as books
of reference and for students whose department of special study is
already determined.

LIST OF BOOKS.
GENERAL WORKS.

Pausanias.

Collignon : Manual of Greek Archaeology (translated by J. H.
Wright).

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Guhl and Koner : Life of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.
Baumeister: Denkmaler des klassischen Altertums.
C. O. Miiller: Ancient Art and its Remains.
Taine : Philosophie de l'Art en Grece.

Hiibner : Bibliographie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft.

S. Reinach : Manuel de Philologie classique.

Stark : Systematik und Geschichte der Archaologie der Kunst.

C. T. Newton : Essays on Art and Archaeology.

Burnouf : Memoires sur l'Antiquite.

Boeckh-Frankel : Die Staatshaushaltung der Athener.

Smith: Dictionary of Antiquities {third edition).

K. F. Hermann ; Lehrbuch der griechischen Antiquitaten.

Daremberg et Saglio : Dictionnaire des Antiquites.

Pottier et Reinach : La Necropole de Myrina.

Milchhofer: Anfange der Kunst in Griechenland.

Beuld: LArt grec avant Pdricles.

Diehl: Excursions Archeologiques en Grece.

ARCHITECTURE.
Durm : Die Baukunst der Griechen.

Von Reber : History of Ancient Art (translated by Clarke).

Penrose Principles of Athenian Architecture, 2d ed.

Michaelis. Der Parthenon.

Fergusson' The Parthenon.

Bohn • Die Propylaeen der Akropolis zu Athen.

Boutmy : Philosophie de l'Architecture en Grece.

Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America. Report on the Investiga-
tions at Assos.

SCULPTURE.

Mrs. Lucy M. Mitchell : History of Ancient Sculpture.

A. S. Murray : History of Greek Sculpture.

Overbeck : Geschichte der griechischen Plastik.
' Overbeck : Die antiken Schriftquellen zur Geschichte der bildenden
Kiinste.

Brunn : Geschichte der griechischen Kunstler.

Friedrichs- Wolters : Bausteine zur Geschichte der griechisch-romischen Plastik.
Waldstein: Essays on the Art of Pheidias.
Petersen: Die Kunst des Pheidias.
Collignon. Phidias.

Heuzey. Catalogue des Terres Cuites du Louvre.
P. Paris : La Sculpture Antique.

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

VASES.

Rayet et Collignon : Histoire de la Ceramique grecque.
Dumont et Chaplain : Les Ceramiques de la Grece propre.
Furtwangler und Loeschcke : Mykenische Vasen.

Birch : History of Ancient Pottery.

Von Rohden : Vasenkunde, in Baumeister's Denkm'aler.
Furtwangler: Vasensammlung im Antiquarium (Berlin).
Klein : Euphronios.

Klein : Die griechischen Vasen mit Meistersignaturen.

COINS.

Percy Gardner : Types of Greek Coins.
Head : Historia Numorum.

Catalogues of Coins of the British Museum.

EPIGRAPHY.
Roberts : Introduction to Greek Epigraphy.
Dittenberger : Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum.

Kirchhoff : Geschichte des griechischen Alphabets.
Hicks : Greek Historical Inscriptions.
S. Reinach : Traite d'fipigraphie grecque.

Hinrichs : Griechische Epigraphik, in Miiller's Handbuch der Altertumswis-
senschaft, Vol. I.

Cauer : Delectus Inscriptionum Graecarum.

Collitz: Sammlung der griechischen Dialektinschriften.

Meisterhans : Grammatik der attischen Inschriften.

G. Meyer : Griechische Grammatik.

Roehl : Inscriptiones Graecae Antiquissimae.

Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum.

Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum.

Loewy : Inschriften griechischer Bildhauer.

Reinach : Conseils au Voyageur archeologue en Grece.

TOPOGRAPHY.
Baedeker: Greece (latest edition) .
Guides Joanne : Athenes et ses environs (latest edition).
Curtius und Kaupert : Atlas von Athen.

Curtius und Kaupert : Karten von Attika (erlauternder Text).
Verrall and Harrison : Mythology and Monuments of Athens.

Bursian: Geographie von Griechenland.
Tozer: Geography of Greece.

Lolling: Topographie von Griechenland, in Miiller's Handbuch, Vol. III.

46 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Leake: Travels in Northern Greece.
Leake : Topography of Athens.
Leake : Travels in the Morea.
E. Curtius: Peloponnesos.

Jahn-Michaelis : Pausaniae descript'io arcis Athenarum, 1880.

Wachsmuth : Die Stadt Athen im Alterthum.

Hertzberg: Athen.

Dyer: Ancient Athens.

Burnouf : La Ville et l'Acropole d'Athenes.

Botticher : Die Akropolis von Athen.

Botticher: Olympia.

Pomtow : Beitrage zur Topographie von Delphi.

Neumann und Partsch : Physikalische Geographie von Griechenland.

MYTHOLOGY.
Preller : Griechische Mythologie.

Roscher : Lexikon der griechischen und romischen Mythologie.
Seemann : Mythologie der Griechen und Romer.
Collignon : Mythologie figuree de la Grece.
Decharme : Mythologie de la Grece antique.

Welcker : Griechische Gotterlehre.
Dyer : The Gods in Greece.
(Ruskin : Queen of the Air.)

PERIODICALS.
Bulletin de Correspondance helle'nique.
Mittheilungen des deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts.
Jahrbuch des deutschen Archseologischen Instituts.
American Journal of Archaeology.
Journal of Hellenic Studies.
'E^/xc/hs 'Apxaj.oA.oyi/07.

"UpaKTLKa rr}<s iv 1 KOrjvat^ 'Ap^aioAoytK^? 'Eraipia?.
AcXtlov 'Ap^aioAoyiKov.

Arcbgeologisch-epigraphische Mittheilungen aus Oesterreich.
Revue Archeologique.
Gazette Archeologique.

MODERN GREEK.
Vincent and Dickson : Handbook to Modern Greek.
Contopoulos : Modern Greek and English Lexicon.
Jannarakis : Neugriechisch-deutsches Worterbuch.

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

TRAVEL AND EXPENSES.

Students wishing to travel from the United States to Athens with the greatest
economy of time and money are advised to sail from New York to Havre, Ant-
werp, Bremen, or Hamburg. The cost of the sea voyage varies from $40 to
$125. From the port of landing the journey to Athens may be made for about
$100 (first class) or $65 (second class), including ordinary expenses. Three
routes are available for the voyage to Athens upon the Mediterranean, — from
Marseilles, by the Messageries Maritimes steamers, or by the Fraissinet or
Florio-Rubattino line; from Brindisi, by Greek or Italian steamers or the Aus-
trian Lloyd ; from Trieste, by the Austrian Lloyd. Before securing passage
by any of these lines, care should be taken to ascertain that the Greek Govern-
ment has not established a quarantine against the port of departure. Quaran-
tined ports are to be avoided if possible, as the delay on landing from them is
tedious and costly.

At the large hotels in Athens, board and lodging can be obtained for $14 per
week ; at small hotels and in private families for $5 50 per week and upward.
A limited number of students may have rooms, without board, in the new School
building. The figures here given represent maximum estimates, and careful
economy may reduce actual expenses below them. The student should go well
supplied with clothing and similar necessities for his stay, as all such articles
are expensive in Athens ; and in providing these he must not count too much
on a warm climate during the winter. He should encumber himself with as few
books as possible in travelling ; the School library, which now contains more
than sixteen hundred volumes, provides all the books that are most essential for
study in Greece.

Members of the School are required to study in Athens, or in such Greek lands
as the Director of the School may approve, between October 1 and June 1.

Ijcjjisolojgiral Institute of %mmtK.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

MANAGING COMMITTEE

OF THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS.

1891-92.
Wit!} tjje ffieporte of

CHARLES WALDSTEIN, Ph.D., Litt.D., L. H. D., Director,

AND

WILLIAM C. POLAND, M. A., Animal Director.

CAMBRIDGE :
JOHN WILSON AND SON.
Slmtorsttg $ress.
1893.

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES
AT ATHENS.

ifftanaguuf Committee.

1891-92.

Thomas D. Seymour (Chairman), Yale University, New Haven,
Conn.

H. M. Baird, University of the City of New York, New York City.

I. T. Beckwith, Trinity College. Hartford, Conn.

Francis Brown, Union Theological Seminary, 1200 Park Ave., New
York City.

Miss A. C. Chapin, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.

Martin L. D'Ooge, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Henry Drisler, Columbia College, 48 West 46th St., New York City.

O. M. Fernald, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass.

Henry Gibbons, Amherst College, Amherst, Mass.

Basil L. Gildersleeve, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

William W. Goodwin, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

William G. Hale, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Albert Harkness, Brown University, Providence, R. I.

William A. Lamberton, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

Miss Abby Leach, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Seth Low (ex officio: President of the Archaeological Institute of

America), Columbia College, New York City.
Thomas W. Ludlow (Secretary), Cottage Lawn, Yonkers, N. Y.
Mrs. Elizabeth S. Mead, Mt. Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Augustus C. Merriam {Chairman of Committee on Publications),
Columbia College, 640 Madison Ave., New York City.

Charles Eliot Norton, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

Bernadotte Perrin, Adelbert College of Western Reserve University,
Cleveland, Ohio.

Frederic J. de Peyster (Treasurer), 7 East 42d St., New York City.
William Carey Poland {ex officio : Annual Director of the School),

Brown University, 9 Lloyd St., Providence, R. I.
Rufus B. Richardson, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H.
William M. Sloane, College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J.
Fitz Gerald Tisdall, College of the City of New York, New York City.
James C. Van Benschoten, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.
Charles Waldstein (ex officio : Director of the School) , Cambridge,

England.

William R. Ware, School of Mines, Columbia College, New York City.
James R. Wheeler, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt.
John Williams White, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

lExccuttbe (£ommtttee.
1G91-92.

Thomas D. Seymour (Chairman).

William W. Goodwin.

Thomas W. Ludlow (Secretary).

Charles Eliot Norton.

Frederic J. de Peyster (Treasurer).

William R. Ware.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

©faction of tfjc Reboot.

1882- 1883.

Director : William Watson Goodwin, Ph. D., LL. D., D.C. L., Eliot
Professor of Greek Literature in Harvard University.

1883- 1884.

Director: Lewis R. Packard, Ph.D., Hillhouse Professor of Greek

in Yale University. (Died Oct. 26, 1884.)
Secretary : J. R. Sitlington Sterrett, Ph. D., Professor of Greek

in Amherst College.

1884- 1885.

Director: James Cooke Van Benschoten, LL. D., Seney Professor
of the Greek Language and Literature in Wesleyan University.

1885- 1886.

Director : Frederic De Forest Allen, Ph. D., Professor of Classical
Philology in Harvard University.

1886- 1887.

Director : Martin L. D'Ooge, Ph. D., LL. D., Professor of Greek in
the University of Michigan.

1887- 1888.

Director : Augustus C. Merriam, Ph. D., Professor of Greek Archae-
ology and Epigraphy in Columbia College.

1888- 1889.

Director : Charles Waldstein, Ph. D., Litt. D., L. H. D., Reader in
Archaeology in the University of Cambridge, England.

Annual Director : Frank Bigelow Tarbell, Ph. D., Associate Pro-
fessor of Greek in the University of Chicago.

1889- 1890.

Director : Charles Waldstein/ Ph. D., Litt. D., L. H. D.

Annual Director : S. Stanhope Orris, Ph.D., L. H. D., Ewing Pro-
fessor of the Greek Language and Literature in the College of
New Jersey.

1890- 1891.

Director : Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt. D., L. H. D.
Annual Director: Rufus Byam Richardson, Ph. D., Professor of
Greek in Dartmouth College.

1891- 1892.

Director : Charles Waldstein, Ph. D., Litt. D., L. H. D.
Annual Director : William Carey Poland, M. A., Professor of the
History of Art in Brown University.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

(£o-'Operatm

ADELBERT COLLEGE OF WESTERN

3 Colleges.

TRINITY COLLEGE.

UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEW '
YORK.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT.
VASSAR COLLEGE.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY.
WELLESLEY COLLEGE.
WILLIAMS COLLEGE.
YALE UNIVERSITY.

trustees of tjje Sefjool

Charles Eliot Norton (President) .

William W. Goodwin (Secretary).

Gardiner M. Lane (Treasurer).

Martin Brimmer.

Henry Drisler.

Basil L. Gildersleeve.

Edward J. Lowell.

Henry G. Marquand.

Charles Eliot Norton.

Frederic J. de Peyster.

Henry C. Potter.

Thomas D. Seymour.

William M. Sloane.

Samuel D. Warren.

John Williams White.

lExecuttbe Committee of tfje trustees.

Charles Eliot Norton.
Martin Brimmer.
William W. Goodwin.
Samuel D. Warren.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Students *

LOUIS BEVIER (x 882-83), t A. B. (1878) and A. M. (Rutgers College), Ph. D. (Johns Hopkins
University, 1881),

Associate Professor in Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J.

WALTER RAY BRIDGMAN (1883-84), A. B. (Yale College, 1881),

Professor in Lake Forest University, Lake Forest, 111.
CARLE TON LEWIS BROWNSON (1890-92), A. B. (Yale University, 1887),

Tutor in Greek and Latin, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
CARL DARLING BUCK (1887-89), A. B. (Yale College, 1886), Ph. D. (Yale University, 1889),

Assistant Professor in the University of Chicago, Chicago, 111.
N. E CROSBY (1886-87), A. B. (Columbia College, 1883), A. M. (Columbia College, 1885),

Instructor in the College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J.
JOHN M. CROW (1882-83), A. B (Waynesbury College), Ph. D. (Syracuse University),

Professor in Iowa College, Grinnell, Iowa. Died Sept. 28, 1890.
WILLIAM LEE CUSHING (1885-87), A. B. (Yale College, 1872), A. M. (Yale College,
1882),

Head Master of the Westminster School, Dobbs Ferry, N Y.

HERBERT FLETCHER DE COU (1891-92), A. B. (University of Michigan, 18S8), A. M.
(University of Michigan, 1890),

Instructor in Greek and Sanskrit in the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

MORTIMER LAMSON EARLE (1887-88), A. B. (Columbia College, 1886), A. M. (Columbia
College, 1887), Ph. D. (Columbia College, 1889),

Instructor in Greek, Barnard College, New York City.

THOMAS H. ECKFELDT (1884-85), A. B. (Wesleyan University, 1881),
Principal of the Friends' School, New Bedford, Mass.

A. F. FLEET (1887-88), A. M., LL. D ,

Superintendent of the Missouri Military Academy, Mexico, Mo.

ANDREW FOSSUM (1890-91), A. B. (Luther College, 1882), Ph. D. (Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity, 1887),

Professor of Greek in St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minn.

HAROLD NORTH FOWLER (1882-83), A. B. (Harvard University, 1880), Ph. D. (University
of Bonn, 1885),

Professor of Greek in the University of Texas, Austin, Tex.

JOHN WESLEY GILBERT (1890-91), A. B. (Brown University, 1888), A. M. (Brown Univer-
sity, 1891),

Professor in the Payne Institute, Augusta, Ga.

HENRY T. HILDRETH (1885-86), A. B. (Harvard University, 1885),
Assistant Professor of Greek in Brown University, Providence, R. I.

W. IRVING HUNT (1889-90), A. B. (Yale College, 1886), Ph. D. (Yale University, 1892),
Tutor in Greek, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

* The year of residence at the School is placed in a parenthesis after the name. Italics
indicate students of the year 1891-92.
t Not present during the entire year.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

GEORGE BENJAMIN HUSSEY (i887-88),t A. B. (Columbia College, 1884), Ph. D (Johns

Hopkins University, 1S87),

Instructor in the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.

FRANCIS DEMETRIUS KALOPOTHAKES (1888-89), A. B. (Harvard University, 1888),
Student in the University of Berlin.

JOSEPH McKEEN LEWIS (1885-87), A. B. (Yale College, 1883).
Died April 29, 1887.

GONZALEZ LODGE (i888-89),t A. B. (Johns Hopkins University, 1883), Ph. D. (Johns Hop-
kins University, 1886),

Associate Professor in Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa.

FREDERIC ELDER METZGER (1891-92), A. B. (Pennsylvania College, 1888),
No. 119 North Potomac Street, Hagerstown, Md.

WALTER MILLER (1885-86), A. B. (University of Michigan, 1884), A. M. (University of
Michigan),

Professor in the Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto, Cal.

WILLIAM J. McMURTRY (1886-87), A. B. (Olivet College, 1881), A. M. (University of
Michigan, 1882),

Professor in Yankton College, Yankton, South Dakota.

BARKER NEWHALL (1891-92), A. B. (Haverford College, 1887), A. M. (Haverford Col-
lege, 1890), Ph. D. (Johns Hopkins University, 1891),

Instructor in Greek, Brown University, Providence, R I.

Miss EMILY NORCROSS, (18S8-89), A. B. (Wellesley College, 1880), A. M. (Wellesley Col-
lege, 1884),

Assistant in Latin, Smith College, Northampton, Mass.

Mr*s ANNIE S. PECK (1885-86), A. B. (University of Michigan, 1878), A. M. (University of
Michigan, 1881),

No. 865 North Main Street, Providence, R. I.

JOHN PICKARD (.890-91), A. B (Dartmouth College, 1883), A. M. (Dartmouth College, 1886),
Ph. D. (University of Munich, 1892),

Associate Professor in the University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.

Rev. DANIEL QUINN (1887-89), A. B. (Mt. St. Mary's College),

Professor in the Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.

JOHN CAREW ROLFE (1888-89), A. B. (Harvard University, 1881), A. M. (Cornell Univer-
sity, 1884), Ph. D. (Cornell University, 1885),

Acting Professor in the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

WILLIAM J. SEELYE (1886-87), A. B. (Amherst College, 1879), A. M. (Amherst College,

1882),

Professor in Wooster University, Wooster, Ohio.

JOHN P. SHELLEY (1889-90), A. B. (Findlay University, 1889),
Professor in Grove College, Grove City, Pa.

PAUL SHOREY (1882-83), A. B. (Harvard University, 1878) Ph. D. (University of Munich,
1884),

Professor in the University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill-
Miss EMILY E. SLATER (1888-89), A. B. (Wellesley College, 1888),
Professor in Mt. Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.

J. R. SITLINGTON STERRETT (1882-83), Ph. D. (University of Munich, 1880),
Professor in Amherst College, Amherst, Mass.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

FRANKLIN H. TAYLOR (1882-83), A. B. (Wesleyan University),
Instructor in St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H.

OLIVER JOS. THATCHER (1887-88), A. B. (Wilmington College, 1878), B. D. (Union Theo-
logical Seminary, 1885),

Professor in Alleghany Theological Seminary, Alleghany, Pa.

S. B. P. TROWBRIDGE (1886-88), A. B. (Trinity College, 1883), Ph. B. (Columbia College,
1886),

Architect, New York City.

HENRY STEPHENS WASHINGTON (i888-92),t A. B. (Yale College, 1886), A. M.
(Yale University, 1888),

Student in the University of Leipzig.

JAMES R. WHEELER (1882-83), A. B. (University of Vermont, 1880), Ph. D. (Harvard
University, 1885).

Professor in the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt.

ALEXANDER M. WILCOX (1883-84), A. B. (Yale College, 1877), Ph. D. (Yale College,
1880),

Professor in the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.

FRANK E. WOODRUFF (1882-83)^ A. B. (University of Vermont, 1875), B. D. (Union
Theological Seminary, 188 1),

Professor in Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me.

THEODORE L. WRIGHT (1886-87), A. B. (Beioit College, 1880), A. M. (Harvard University,
1884),

Professor in Beioit College, Beioit, Wisconsin.

CLARENCE HOFFMAN YOUNG (1891-92), A. B. (Columbia College, 1888), A. M. (Co-
lumbia College, 1889), Ph. D. (Columbia College, 1891),
Instructor in Greek, Columbia College, New York City.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE MANAGING COMMITTEE

OF THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

To the Council of the Archczological Institute of America : —

Gentlemen, — I have the honor to submit to you
the Report of the Managing Committee of the Ameri-
can School of Classical Studies at Athens, for the year
from October i, 1891, to October 1, 1892; and also the
Reports of the Director, Dr. Charles Waldstein, and of
the Annual Director, Professor William Carey Poland,
of Brown University.

During the past year the following persons have
been enrolled as members of the School : —

Carleton Lee Brownson, A. B. Yale University (1887), Sol-
diers' Memorial Fellow of Yale, a member of the School also
in 1890-91.

Herbert Fletcher De Cou, A. B. University of Michigan
(1888), Elisha Jones Fellow of the same University.

Frederick Elder Metzger, A. B. Pennsylvania College (1888).

Barker Newhall, A. B. Haverford College (1887), Ph. D.
Johns Hopkins University (1 891).

Clarence Hoffman Young, A. B. Columbia College (1888),
A. M. (1889), Ph.D. (i890? Prize Fellow and Alumni Prize-
man of the same College.

1 2

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

In addition to these, Mr. Henry Stephens Wash-
ington (Yale, 1886), as in the three preceding years,
spent a portion of the year in Greece in connec-
tion with the School, and conducted excavations at
Phlius.

Mr. Thomas A. Fox, an architect of Boston, a for-
mer member of the Massachusetts Institute of Technol-
ogy, was admitted to the School as a special student,
and rendered important services in the excavations at
the Heraion, having charge (with Mr. Brownson) of
the surveys and measurements for the plans of the
ruins and the vicinity.

Professor L. H. El well of Amherst, Professor H.
M. Reynolds of Yale, and Professor Edward D. Bos-
worth (Yale, '83) of Oberlin, spent portions of the year
in Greece, and took occasional part in the exercises
of the School, and joined in archaeological excursions.
Miss Chapin, Professor of Greek in Wellesley College,
and a member of our Committee, visited the School
later in the season.

The Reports of the Director and of the Annual
Director give an interesting account of the work
of the School during the year, and especially of the
excavations.

The generous appropriation of $2,500 by the Ar-
chaeological Institute of America for excavations in
Greece, under the supervision of the School, afforded
the means for the employment of a larger number of
men and carts than had been at our disposal in pre-
vious years. The Director of the School believes that

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

such use of "a large mass of workmen is now shown
to be economical, and more satisfactory than a small
body of laborers.

In addition to the extensive excavations at the
Heraion, of which the Director has published a pre-
liminary account in the Thirteenth Report of the
Archaeological Institute, and in the Third Bulletin of
the School, and the work at Sparta, which is of topo-
graphical importance, further investigation was made
of the underground passage in the theatre at S icy on,
and of the theatre at Eretria, besides the work already
mentioned at Phlius by Mr. Washington.

At Athens the relations between the different na-
tional schools of archaeology and classical studies have
been closer than ever before, and we have renewed
occasion for acknowledgment of courtesies and favors
from our friends in Greece.

The University of Chicago has joined the colleges
associated in the active support of the School, and
will be represented on the Managing Committee by
Professor Hale, who has been a member of this Com-
mittee since May, 1885.

Professor B. I. Wheeler succeeds Professor Hale
as the representative of Cornell University on this
Committee.

At the November meeting of 1 891, in accordance
with their previous resolution, " that after October 1,
1892, the School shall have a permanent officer in
residence in Athens during the entire school year,
from October 1 to June 1," the Committee elected

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Professor Frank Bigelow Tarbell, Ph. D., to be the
chief executive officer of the School, with the title of
Secretary, for a term of five years, beginning Octo-
ber i, 1892. Professor Tarbell's accurate and pene-
trating scholarship, his experience as an instructor of
Greek, — eleven years at Yale and three years at Har-
vard,— and his successful administration of the School
as Annual Director in 1888-89, gave him peculiar quali-
fications for the post to which your Committee elected
him. At the May meeting of the Committee, how-
ever, Professor Tarbell asked to be released from his
engagement at the close of the school year, 1892-93,
that he might accept a chair in the University of
Chicago, to which he had been called.

The Committee also elected Dr. Waldstein Profes-
sor of Ancient Art, and by their direction a sub-com-
mittee, with Professor Norton as chairman, prepared
the following resolutions to show their appreciation of
Dr. Waldstein's eminent services : —

"The term of Dr. Charles Waldstein's appointment as Di-
rector of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
being about to expire, —

" Resolved, That the Managing Committee of the School
desire to express to Dr. Waldstein their grateful sense of the
high value of the services he has rendered to the School dur-
ing these three years.

" Resolved, That they are aware that the School owes much
to him for unofficial as well as for official services, and that for
these they offer him their warm acknowledgments and thanks,
while they recognize that to him is largely due the favorable
regard in which the School is now held by the government
of Greece and the learned community at Athens.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

"Resolved, 'That the Committee trust that Dr. Waldstein
may retain a close connection with the School as its Profes-
sor of Ancient Art, and that the pupils may continue to have
the benefit of his animating and able instruction."

The Council will remember that Dr. Waldstein's
engagements at the University of Cambridge have
prevented him from residing in Greece more than
about three months of the school year.

The School having henceforth a permanent execu-
tive officer, residing in Greece through the entire
school year, the principal duties of the representative
of the supporting colleges in America naturally fall
into the department of instruction rather than into
that of administration ; and the Committee voted to
give the title of Professor, instead of Annual Director,
to the instructor sent out annually from this country.
The duties of the office are somewhat changed. The
responsibility and burden of care will be less, but the
dignity and importance of the position will remain
essentially the same.

Professor I. T. Beckwith of Trinity College was
invited to serve as Professor of the Greek Language
and Literature for the year 1892-93.

When Professor Beckwith felt constrained to de-
cline this invitation, Professor John Williams White
was elected to the position. But in the last week before
sailing, Professor White was detained by the illness,
followed by the death, of Mrs. White's mother.

Professor James R. Wheeler of the University of

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Vermont kindly consented in September, on brief
notice, to sail for Athens to serve as Professor of the
Greek Language and Literature for the year 1892-93.
His archaeological studies and his life in Athens as a
member of the School during the first year of its or-
ganization, in 1882-83, have prepared him to be par-
ticularly useful at this time, and the Committee feel
under heavy obligations to him for undertaking this
service, at some personal inconvenience, owing to the
brief time allowed for making arrangements for his
absence from home.

Professor White has accepted the Committee's in-
vitation to serve the School as Professor during the
year 1893-94. To no one else is the School more
indebted for its prosperity and its very existence, and
his intimate acquaintance with the constitution of the
School and its early history unite with his tact and
exceptional attainments to make him a peculiarly valu-
able support to the administration of the School as it
enters upon its new era under a permanent Director.

Professor Benjamin Ide Wheeler of Cornell Univer-
sity has been elected Professor of the Greek Language
and Literature for the year 1894-95.

The office of chief executive officer of the School
becoming vacant through Professor Tarbell's resigna-
tion, the Committee unanimously elected Professor
Rufus Byam Richardson (Yale, 1869), of Dartmouth
College, to be Director of the School for a term of
five years, beginning October 1, 1893. Professor

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Richardson's "successful administration of the School
as Annual Director in 1890-91 is fresh in the minds
of scholars at Athens, as well as of the Committee.
His knowledge of the equipment and needs of Ameri-
can students, gained from his experience of twenty
years as teacher at Yale, Indiana, and Dartmouth,
together with his long residence in Germany and
acquaintance with German scholarship, and his fa-
miliarity with the work to be done in Greece, all
combine to give assurance of an able and altogether
successful administration. The charms of life and
study in Greece are manifest from Professor Rich-
ardson's consent to leave his honorable post at Dart-
mouth, where he has been esteemed and his instruc-
tion admired and enjoyed.

For the early years of its existence the School could
promise no regular instruction to its students. It sup-
plied them with a pleasant head-quarters and a valuable
library for their use, and the Director gave advice and
direction to their studies. Something was done in
the way of instruction, but as long as the whole care
of the School rested on the Director, and the students
differed so widely in their preparation for study in
Greece, few definite courses of lectures could be given.
More and more, however, opportunities have opened
before our students in the lectures and meetings of
our own and the other national Schools, and in archae-
ological excursions and giri. Henceforth, with a Di-
rector resident in Greece throughout the entire school

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT A THE AS.

year, and two Professors, the School expects to supply
more regular instruction. Dr. Waldstein's lectures
on Art will be continued next year, except as they
may be interrupted by the care of excavations ; and
other courses will be conducted, as, for example, on
Greek topography as related to ancient history, on
old Greek life as illustrated by the monuments, on the
light thrown upon ancient literature from what may
be seen to-day in Greece, etc.

The Fifth Volume of the Papers of the School was
published last July. The table of contents is printed
on pages 51 and 52 of, this Report.

Arrangements are making for taking casts from the
principal objects of art which have been found in the
course of the excavations conducted by the School.
At the close of this Report (page 58) may be found
a list of casts from objects found at the Heraion of
Argos in the spring of 1892, which may be obtained
from the chairman of the Committee on Publication.

The chairman of the Committee on Publication can
furnish also the photographs catalogued on pp. 53-58,
taken by Dr. Clarence H. Young, a member of the
School during the year 1891-92.

The Annual Director mentions gifts of books which
have been received for the library of the School.
Thanks are due also to Mr. Henry S. Washington
for his gift of more than a hundred photographs,
which he had taken in Greece and in Asia.

The last instalment has now been paid on the debt
of the School for its building.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 19

The summary of the financial statements for the
first ten years of the School's existence (page 44) shows
receipts of $45,887.89, and expenses of $454°3-53>
leaving a balance of $483.36. This account does not
include the gifts of more than $25,000 for the build-
ing, nor that of the land by the Greek government,
nor the special gifts of staircase, windows, mantel-
pieces, etc., as enumerated on page 42 of the Eighth
Report. The permanent Endowment Fund of the
School is now a trifle more than $50,000.

The list of former students of the School, with ac-
count of their present occupation, grows more and
more interesting. Twenty-six colleges and universi-
ties have been represented at the School by their stu-
dents. The list contains the names of eight graduates
of Yale; seven of Harvard; four each of Columbia,
Johns Hopkins, and the University of Michigan ; three
of the University of Munich; two each of the Univer-
sity of Vermont, Wellesley, and Wesleyan ; one each
of Amherst, Beloit, University of Bonn, Brown, Cor-
nell, Dartmouth, Findlay, Haverford, Luther, Mt. St.
Mary's, Olivet, Pennsylvania College, Rutgers, Syra-
cuse, Trinity, Waynesburg, and Wilmington. These
former students are now scattered in twenty-one States
and the District of Columbia, and are teaching in
twenty-five colleges and universities, and five schools
and academies, — from Maine to California, from Ver-
mont to Texas, — besides those who are studying in
Germany. In addition to these colleges, some of

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

whose instructors have studied in connection with the
School at Athens, the Greek Professors of four other
institutions have resided at Athens as Directors or
Annual Directors of the School. Others have been
received as special students, for shorter periods of
time. Others while in Athens for a few weeks have
been aided by the use of the School's library, and
have been stimulated and guided by intercourse with
those who were in pursuit of the same general ends.
Thus the influence of the School upon classical
instruction in this country is great already, and is
increasing year by year.

Many students of the School have had some ma-
turity of age and scholarship before going to Athens.
Of the students of the year 1891-92, every one was
at least three years past his degree of A. B., and had
pursued graduate studies in this country before en-
tering upon his connection with the School. The
Director calls attention to the improved preparation
of the students for their work in Greece.

The advantage to architects of study in Greece is
not yet generally appreciated, and your Committee
repeat the expression of their hope that fellowships
may be established for the encouragement of archi-
tectural students at Athens.

THOMAS D. SEYMOUR,

Chairman.

New Haven, Conn., January 1, 1893.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

To the Managing Committee of tlie American School of Clas-
sical Studies at Athens: —

Gentlemen, — I beg to submit the following Report
of the work of the School during the past winter, for
the period during which I had the active management
of its affairs.

I arrived on Greek soil on December 2 1 of last year,
and at once made arrangements to finish the excava-
tions of the theatre of Sikyon, from the completion
of which Dr. Earle was prevented by ill health last
summer. Professor Merriam had previously suggested
to me that, since Dr. Young, who has been a member
of the School for this past year, was personally asso-
ciated with Dr. Earle, and had been in correspondence
with him, Dr. Young should be intrusted with the task
of continuing these excavations. At the same time I,
thought it desirable — from the experience which Mr.
Brownson had acquired at Eretria in excavating thea-
tres and especially underground passages such as the
one we were proposing to work at — to ask my col-
league, Professor Poland, to request Mr. Brownson and
Dr. Young to meet me at Kiato, the railway station
for Sikyon, on December 2 2d. Upon meeting, we at

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

once proceeded to Vasiliko, and on the following day
(December 23) set to work with our excavations. I
found that there was really more work to be done than
I had at first anticipated, and, after determining the
main lines which the excavation was to take, I left it
in the hands of Mr. Brownson and Dr. Young, who
completed the task after a week's excavation. Besides
the clearing of the underground passage, some addi-
tional work was done at the stage structure, and some
interesting facts were found to supplement the good
work which Dr. Earle had done ; and I believe that
now the excavation of this theatre, begun under Pro-
fessor D'Ooge by Mr. McMurtry, and continued under
Professor Merriam by Dr. Earle, can be said to be
completed. I hope that the publication by Mr. Brown-
son and Dr. Young of the work they have brought
to so satisfactory a termination will be in your hands
before a very long time has passed.

I arrived at Athens on December 24, and there
found the School, as regards both the work of the
students and the building itself, in the very best or-
der, under the charge of my colleague, Professor
Poland. I may at once say that this year again I
have the strongest reason for gratification at the help-
ful efficiency of my colleague, while his personal geni-
ality and considerateness have made it a winter upon
which I shall look back with unmixed pleasure. The
regular students were Mr. Brownson, Mr. De Cou,
Mr. Metzger, Dr. Newhall, and Dr. Young. All

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

these gentlemen had had some previous preparation
in archaeological study, either at home or in some
German university, and I could not help feeling
from the very outset how hopeful a sign this improve-
ment in the preparation of the students was, and how
much it facilitated our efforts in enabling them to use
to the greatest advantage the time which they were to
spend on Greek soil. I trust it will not seem ungrate-
ful if I express the hope that, as the School continues
its work, so will the standard of preparation on the
part of its students become higher. I think, for in-
stance, that it would be well to advise the graduates
from our colleges who intend to become members of
the School to avail themselves of such part of the
summer semester as they can attend at one of the
German universities, and to study the European mu-
seums during the greater part of August and Septem-
ber, before they enter the School in the autumn.

I began my regular lectures at the School and in
the Museums on December 30, and continued them
through the month of January and part of Febru-
ary, with some few interruptions owing to an attack
of influenza. In all I gave fourteen such lectures.
They were attended not only by our students, but
by associates and other friends and visitors of the
School, to whom we were glad to extend our hospi-
tality. Among these Professor Bosworth followed
our regular work for the greater part of the year ;
while Mr. Williams (late United States Consul at

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Hamburg), Professor Elvvell, Professor Reynolds, and
several others, took a regular part in our exercises and
lectures. Among the ladies, too, Miss Kalopothakes
and Miss Manatt (daughter of the United States Con-
sul at Athens) were regular attendants ; while later
in the season Miss Chapin, a member of your Com-
mittee, as well as several other ladies interested in
archaeology, availed themselves of the help which our
library could afford. Early in January, Mr. Fox — a
practical architect, and for some time a student of the
Boston Institute of Technology — accepted my invita-
tion to become a special member of the School, and,
as I shall have more special occasion to mention when
dealing with our excavation, proved very helpful in
the prosecution of our work, continuing with us for
the remainder of the season. He is in fact at this
moment still in Greece, and still connected with the
School. Mr. H. S. Washington also joined us again
towards the close of February, while his brother,
Mr. C. M. Washington, accompanied him to Phlius
in March, and took part with him in the excava-
tions there.

Our meetings, too, were well attended. In addition
to the Directors and members of the other Schools,
and the resident Greek and foreign archaeologists, we
were honored by members of the Diplomatic Corps,
— among them our own Minister, Colonel Snowden,
who was a constant friend and visitor, and the Ger-
man and Russian Ministers, as well as several Greek

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

officials. The opening meeting took place on Janu-
ary 7. At this meeting I read a paper on the " Mourn-
ing Athene," and Professor Poland commented upon
an interesting metrical epitaph, found at Athens,
hitherto unpublished and unknown. Our next meet-
ing, on February 1, was held in memory of the late
Mr. Alexander Rhangabe, whose death was deeply
regretted by all the members of the School and the
community of Athens, as well as by the archaeological
and literary world abroad. For some years past he
had been a constant attendant of our meetings, and
had called at the School but a few days before his
death. We all felt that in the death of this eminent
statesman and archaeologist, whose fame as a poet
and scholar will outlive even the distinctions won as a
Cabinet Minister in Greece and as the representative
of his country in the United States, Berlin, and else-
where, we had lost a true friend. At this meeting I
delivered an obituary address on " The Life and Work
of Rhangabe," and expressed the hope that the work
of excavation at Argos, which we were about to under-
take, would be a greater memorial to him than all
words, in carrying to a successful end the excavations
of the Heraion of Argos which he had begun in 1854.
Dr. Young then read a report on the excavations of the
theatre of Sikyon, and Mr. De Cou read a paper on the
monument of Lysicrates. Mr. De Cou had made the
surprising discovery that all the well known text-books
and the later writers on the interesting reliefs of this

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

monument had based their estimate of this work on
inaccurate representations of the sequence of figures
in the relief. He had traced the error back to the
fact that all had copied their illustrations from the
publication of Stuart and Revett, 1762- 1830, in which
original publication two of the sheets containing the
drawings must have become misplaced, thus reversing
the order of the figures. The deductions he could
thus establish from a correct knowledge of this relief
concerning the laws of symmetry in composition as
here maintained, seem to me of the greatest impor-
tance. At the close of the meeting I read some
archaeological notes on Herondas IV. At the third
and last meeting, on February 12, Professor Poland
gave a report on the excavations at Eretria, and
Mr. Brownson read a paper on the underground pas-
sage in the theatres of Eretria and Sikyon. Dr.
Newhall gave an account of the Heraion of Argos
based upon the literary traditions concerning the
temple and the religious ceremonies in connection with
Hera, as well as the facts so far as archaeological in-
vestigation presented them up to that moment ; and,
finally, I read a short paper on the additional evi-
dence concerning the interpretation of the relief of
the Mourning Athene from the Acropolis contained
in certain vase figures.

The relations of our School and its members to
the other Schools during the past year have been, if
anything, more cordial and intimate than heretofore

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Besides the close intercourse which has ever obtained
between our own School and the German Institute
and English School, I am happy to state that our
intercourse, both archaeological and social, with the
French School and its efficient and courteous Director,
M. Homolle, has been of the warmest nature. At two
of the meetings of the French School I took an active
part in reading papers, — once on the final state of the
question concerning " The Tomb of Aristotle," and
again on a certain relief from Oenoe, recently brought
to the Museum of Argos. My intention of also read-
ing a paper before the German School was not carried
out, owing to the necessity of my absence from Athens
at the time of their meeting. It is hoped by us all that,
as hitherto we have constantly been present at each
other's meetings, so in the future we shall also take an
active part in these meetings in exchanging papers
and in joining work as far as possible. I need hardly
add that Dr. Dorpfeld and Mr. Gardner have as usual
extended their sympathy and hospitality to the Direc-
tors and the students of the School in a most liberal
manner.

I now come to the excavations of the School during
the past season. It will be impossible for me at this
time to give an adequate report of the work done.
The plans of the excavations, which are in the hands of
Mr. Brownson and Mr. Fox, are not yet completed ;
nor does it appear that all the work of excavation
itself, as we hope this year will show, has as yet

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

reached an end. It has been a year exceptionally full,
of work, and 1 may venture to say successful work; — ■
exceptionally not only for our School, but in its extent,
variety, and results for all of the Schools at Athens.
With some of these results you have already been
made acquainted. I hope in the course of the next
month to be able to submit a fuller report for publica-
tion ; while I also hope to put into your hands a selec-
tion of eight autotype plates, with a short descriptive
text, which will give to you a more adequate picture
of some of the most interesting finds made at Argos.

The full and final report of this year's work will re-
quire much more time for adequate exposition. The
autotype plates to which I have just referred are now
in the hands of the photographer Rhomai'des at Ath-
ens (who came to Argos to take the photographs),
and I hope that within two months they may be ready
for transmission to you. For the production of these
I have taken the risk upon my own shoulders, and I
should be very grateful if I could be in part relieved
from this risk. Every copy will contain eight quarto
plates with one or two sheets of descriptive letter-
press. I present a similar request to the President of
the Archaeological Institute. Such an issue will, I
hope, for the present satisfy our friends, will meet the
desire of the archaeological world, and will give us time
to elaborate carefully the results of the excavations.

I will now attempt to give you a brief summary of
the excavations during this year. Of the work at

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Sikyon I have already spoken, and hope soon to be
able to report more fully.

On January 10, Professor Poland started for Ere-
tria together with Mr. Brownson and Mr. Fox. They
had set themselves the task of continuing the work
at the theatre, while I proposed to join them as soon
as I had recovered from an attack of influenza, and
also of doing some further work at the graves. This
intention I was unable to carry out, because both of
health and of some difficulties which the Greek au-
thorities found in sending the proper officials ; and as
I felt that the work at the theatre was in such good
hands, I did not join the expedition. I shall leave it
to Professor Poland and his associates to report more
fully on these excavations.

On February 13, I started for Argos, accompanied
by Mr. Brownson and Mr. Fox. Before we began
active work we were joined by Mr. De Cou and Dr.
Newhall. On March 4, Professor Poland also joined
us, and took charge of the work for a week, during
which time I accompanied Mr. Washington to Phlius,
and then returned to Athens. To the hearty co-
operation of all these gentlemen the success of our
work is largely due.

We began our work at the Heraion in an ex-
plorative manner, to test the nature of the several
sites there grouped. At first we employed sixty-three
men and three carts, and rose to one hundred and
eighty men and twenty-six carts. We were excep-

3°

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

tionally favored by good weather; in the first month
we lost only one half-day from bad weather. Our
chief energies were concentrated on the second tem-
ple ; but we dug trenches also on the site of the
earlier temple, where we came upon its pavement,
consisting of flat polygonal stones, and also upon a
continuous layer of charred wood, — an interesting-
confirmation of the record of the burning of the
temple. We found ruins of what may prove to be
early Greek baths, and of a stoa. At a depth of be-
tween ten and fifteen feet, on the slope at the west end
of the second temple, we came upon a curious layer
of black earth in which we found a great number of
archaic bronze objects, amber beads, some gold and
silver rings, terra-cotta ornaments, fragments of early
vases, bone needles, stone seals, etc. The terra-
cotta plaques are almost unique in character, while
the vases make a valuable addition to our knowledge
of early ornamental ceramic art.

We were fortunate enough to find a large number
of the marble sculptured ornaments of the second
temple in a more or less fragmentary condition. The
scenes enumerated by Pausanias seem to have been
distributed as follows. At the east end, the Birth of
Zeus in the pediment, and the Gigantomachia below
it in the metopes ; at the west end, the Departure for
Troy in the pediment, and below it the Destruction of
Troy. We were still more fortunate in discovering
two well preserved heads, about two thirds life-size,

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

which belonged to the metopes, and also a well pre-
served male torso from one of the metopes. Finally,
immediately in front of the west end of the temple, we
had the great fortune of finding the marble head of
Hera, of which you have already heard. This head,
of at least life-size, is recognized by all who have seen
it as the best preserved specimen of a female head
from the fifth century before Christ.

I left Argos for Sparta on March 15, and on March
18 besfan excavations on the site of the so called
Leonidaion, which proves to be a small temple in
antis. Extensive trenches showed that the site, which
has been considered that of the ancient agora, con-
tains no remains of antiquity.

The most important discovery during the excava-
tions at Sparta was that of the ruins of a circular
building, which no doubt is that mentioned by Pausa-
nias in the vicinity of the Skias.

I conducted excavations also on the site of Amy-
clae, but found that Tsountas had already laid bare all
of promise there.

In addition to the work I have mentioned, I must
briefly state that Messrs. H. S. and C. M. Washington
carried on excavations at the site of the ancient Phlius,
and will soon report upon their work.

Professor Merriam requested that I should procure
for Dr. Young permission to excavate at his own
expense on the site at Koukounari in Attica, where
Mr. Washington had thought of excavating in pre-

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

vious years. I have now procured permission from
the government for excavations on this site, and have
arranged with Mr. Washington and Dr. Young that
they should undertake the work, they bearing the
expense.

It will be seen from this brief report that the past
season, as far as excavations go, has been one of un-
usual activity, and it only remains for me to hope that
the results of this work will justify the efforts made
by our friends at home in providing the means for
these undertakings. I beg to record my special
thanks to the members of the Archaeological Insti-
tute, as well as to Mr. J. Taylor Johnston, for the
liberal financial support given this year to our
excavations.

CHARLES WALDSTEIN.

May 7, 1892.

REPORT OF THE ANNUAL DIRECTOR.

To the Managing Committee of the American School of Clas-
sical Studies at Athens : —

Gentlemen, — In accordance with the custom of
my predecessors, I respectfully submit the following
Report.

I arrived in Athens and assumed direction of the
School on Wednesday, the 30th of September, 189 r.
I found that the servant of the School, Constan-
tinos Joannides, had taken good care of the prop-
erty during the vacation. He promptly called my
attention to certain needed repairs. On the 3d of
October, at my request, Professor Ziller, the super-
vising architect of the School, called and made an
appointment for a thorough examination of the house
to see what repairs were needed. Shortly afterward
he made the examination, accompanied by a carpenter
and a mason, and the work of repair was begun at once.
These repairs extended over the entire house, from
roof to basement floor, and included the garden wall.
The roof leaked badly in several places, and, unfor-
tunately, before the repairs were made upon it a rain
came, badly soaking the walls of the library and of the

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

dining-room. Until a radical repair of the roof has
been made, a similar accident may be expected at al-
most any time. The fault lies in the construction of
the eaves-troughs, and unfortunately that fault can-
not be remedied without removing the roof. This will
make repairs rather expensive. The summer is the
only season in which such repairs can be made ; for
they must be made when there is the least liability of
rain. Further, the repairs should be made when the
Director can be present to oversee them. That, at
least, is the conviction to which my experience has
led me.

The fireplaces were all repaired in the autumn. In
fact, they were repaired twice. The first repair was
not made properly, and we caused the mason to do a
part of his work the second time. The furnace was
repaired by stopping its ventilation from the cellar,
and enlarging the air-box which communicates with
the outer air. The laundry tubs were also repaired,
together with the drain connected with them. I re-
gret to say that it has been necessary to repair these
again this spring, and to correct some faults in the
work done in the autumn. The garden wall w^as con-
siderably broken, and that has been repaired. Lately,
one half of the gate was blown down, and fell to pieces.
It has been put together again, and it will last for a
time; but an iron gate should be put in its place as
soon as possible. I have asked Professor Ziller to
make a drawing of such a gate as we ought to have.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

He has approved of all repairs which have been made,
and has visited the School whenever I have requested
it to see what repairs were needed. Before I leave
Athens, I shall endeavor to put the house in a good
condition for the summer.

The condition of the garden has improved slightly.
The o-ardener who furnished the most of the plants
failed to meet the expectations of those with whom he
had made his contract. But most of the shrubs which
he set out are growing, and since last September many
of the vacant places have been filled with roses, ole-
anders, laurels, and acacias, at a slight expense. A
little work of this kind from year to year will give
the School in time a good garden. The grounds
in the rear of the house ought to receive attention
at some time. I have found it advisable to close the
garden gate, at the bottom of the olive grove, for the
grounds on this side are particularly subject to intru-
sion. At night they are often made a pasture for some
roaming flock of sheep or goats. In time a stone
wall ought to take the place of the unsatisfactory iron
fence which now surrounds the grounds. Before many
years a stone wall ought to be built in place of the
wall of sun-dried brick in front of the house.

If I have given peculiar emphasis to this matter of
repairs by discussing it at such length at the outset, I
can urge as my reason for so doing the fact that the
need of these repairs was the first thing forced on my
attention after my arrival at Athens, and that it has

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

not yet become merely a memory. In this it is quite
likely that I shall have the sympathy of my predeces-
sors. The radical repairs at which I have hinted will
have to be made before my successors will cease to be
annoyed by such material discomforts.

On arriving in Athens, I found that two intending
students were already in town, Mr. De Cou and Mr.
Metzger. Soon after, Dr. Newhall and Dr. Young-
arrived, and a few days afterwards Mr. Brownson
came.

Later the Rev. Professor Edward I. Bosworth of
Oberlin Theological Seminary, a graduate of Yale
University, became a special student of the School,
attending some of our exercises. In December Mr,
Thomas A. Fox, architect, of Boston, became a spe-
cial student, and assisted us for several months in the
work of excavation and in the drawing of plans neces-
sitated by that work. Later Mr. Henry Stephens
Washington, so long associated with the work of the
School, again joined us, and shortly after conducted ex-
cavations at Phlius.

Under my administration as Annual Director in
charge, the meetings began on Friday, the 9th of Oc-
tober. It was decided to hold three meetings a week
for reading the Greek authors, discussion, etc. Before
we entered fully and regularly on this work, a few ex-
cursions were undertaken. In some of these I partici-
pated. I regret that I could not participate in all of
them; but I found that it was advisable for me to re-

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 37

main in Athens while the repairs were going on. With
some of the members of the School I visited Marathon,
Rhamnus, Sicyon, Oropos, Eretria, Laurium, Sunium,
Thorikos, Vari, Eleusis, and Salamis. Further, some
of the School visited Delphi and Boeotia as far east as
Thebes, Pentelicus, Hymettus, and Spata. These in
general are the autumn excursions. No record has
been kept of those made this spring in Peloponnesus,
among the islands, and in Northern Greece.

Our meetings continued until the arrival of the Di-
rector, Dr. Waldstein, in December. We read in
these meetings the Persae of Aeschylus, the Jupiter
Tragoedus of Lucian, and the Hippolytus of Euripi-
des. WTe were admitted to the privilege of hearing
Dr. Dorpfeld's lectures on the architectural monuments
of Athens, and for some time one meeting in the week
was usually given to discussion in advance of the top-
ics on which Dr. Dorpfeld was to speak, We had
occasional papers from the members of the School.
Mr. Brownson read us his report on the excavations
at Eretria and his paper on " The Relation of the Ar-
chaic Gable Reliefs from the Acropolis to Vase-Paint-
ing." Dr. Young read a paper on "Aristotle's Views
on Art, as shown in the first four Books of the Nicoma-
chean Ethics." Every member prepared papers, of
greater or less length, on the various monuments of
Athens, on topography, on the inscriptions connected
with the monuments, etc. This work was discon-
tinued in part when the students began to find special

38 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

work, every one for himself. In all we had eighteen
meetings.

This may be the place to acknowledge the special
indebtedness under which we have been placed by the
kindness of Dr. Dorpfeld, First Secretary of the Im-
perial German Institute. He began his lectures on
the monuments of Athens at the Dipylon on Satur-
day, the 10th of last October, and invited us to at=
tend that and all his later lectures on every Saturday
through the autumn and winter. I need not state
how precious was this privilege, and how stimulating
and suggestive we have found his lectures. His lec-
tures on the theatre furnished us with an interesting
theme for one of our meetings, in which we discussed
the Agamemnon, the Persians, the Seven against
Thebes, and the Prometheus of Aeschylus, the Medea
of Euripides, and the Birds of Aristophanes, examining
these plays to discover how far the theory of repre-
sentation supported by Dr. Dorpfeld is substantiated
by any internal evidence in the plays themselves.
This is cited as an example of the way in which we
were helped by these lectures. Further, we are in-
debted to Dr. Dorpfeld and to Dr. Paul Wolters,
Second Secretary of the German Institute, to M. Th.
Homolle, Director of the French School, to Mr. Ernest
A. Gardner, Director of the British School, and to
their colleagues, for the privilege extended to us of
attending their fortnightly meetings and of listen-
ing to able archaeological papers on these occasions.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Mr. Gardner, in particular, opened also all his courses
of instruction to our students. We need not add,
that we continue to be under constant obligation
to the Greek government for a most liberal use af-
forded us of all the priceless treasures of ancient art
which it has at its command. The Ephor General of
Antiquities, Professor Kabbadias, has granted us every
privilege that we could properly ask. The relations
of our School officially and socially could not be more
delightful than they are. We continue to be indebted
as before to our courteous and distinguished Minister
of the United States, Hon. A. Loudon Snowden, to
our sympathetic and able Consuls, Dr. Manatt and
A. C. McDowall, Esq., and to our untiring and de-
voted friends, the Rev. Dr. and Mrs. Kalopothakes.
Others might be named. Two I will mention, Mr. P.
Skouses and Mr. Syngros, who have allowed us gen-
erously to use their country-houses at Bei and at
Oropos. We have many friends here, and have great
reason to be thankful for all the favors which we re-
ceive constantly.

Dr. Waldstein arrived on the 24th of last De-
cember. From that time until his departure from
Athens, on the 8th of April, 1892, the School has
been under his direction, and he naturally will report
on what was done during that time. It may be
proper here for me to state my belief that to his able
direction during the past is due much of the present
distinction which our School enjoys. No one can

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

live in Athens for even a short time without learning
how warmly he is admired and beloved here. To me
personally he ever has been a kind friend, adviser, and
official supporter, and I am glad to find an opportunity
in this Report to express my indebtedness to him.

I have had a certain part in the work of excavation
in which the School has engaged. I superintended
the work done at Eretria in January, aided by Mr.
Brownson and Mr. Fox. The work was carried on
under the instructions of Dr. Waldstein, and consisted
in clearing the east half of the orchestra of the theatre,
the eastern parodos, and a few of the seats on the east
side of the cavea. I shall prepare a special report for
publication. I reported on the work at an open meet-
ing of the School held soon after my return from the
excavations. The main things discovered were the
correct radius of the orchestra, which is 9.09 meters
to the outer face of the curb, and the line of the
later parodos wall. The completed circumference of
the orchestra falls 1.27 meters before the stylobate,
instead of touching it. as represented in the plate
already published. There were scarcely any stray
finds during the excavation. A short fragment of a
late inscription with the letters A2KAI, a tile with
EPETPIEflN in late characters stamped on it, two
marble blocks from a building with rude letters cut
on them, a few bits of glass and of bronze, a frag-
ment of an uninscribed base, much rude pottery, some
column drums and bits of moulding, a few terra-

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

cotta acroter'ia, and some copper coins, were about
all. The coins I have yet to subject to a final
examination.

I was present at the excavations at the Heraion
from the 4th to the nth of March, during which time
Dr. Waldstein was in Athens. A fragment of a dedi-
catory inscription found at that time I understand is to
be edited by Mr. Brownson, and I will leave it for him
to report. Dr. Waldstein, of course, will report on the
work of excavation at Argos and at Sparta.

An interesting sepulchral inscription came into my
hands just before our first open meeting. I reported
it at that time, the 7th of January, and I shall soon
publish it.

Besides those whose names are mentioned as stu-
dents of the School, we have had the pleasure of
entertaining to some extent other colleagues from
America. Among these are Professors A. C. Chapin
of Wellesley College (a member of your Committee),
J. H. McDaniels of Hobart College, H. M. Reynolds
of Yale University, L. H. El well of Amherst College,
and W. G. Frost of Oberlin College. All the students
of the School have left us, with the exception of Dr.
Young. Mr. De Cou, Mr. Metzger, and Dr. Newhall
probably are in Italy. Mr. Brownson and Mr. Fox
are in Germany.

The library has received additions amounting to
123 titles during the year, through gifts, purchases,
and the binding of periodicals. We are indebted to

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

the kindness of the following friends for gifts to the
library : 'ApxcuoXoyi/o) 'Erai/no, of Athens, Boston
Museum of Fine Arts, British Museum, Dr. G. Con-
stantinides (Ephor of the Greek National Library),
Prof. I. J. Manatt, Dr. B. Newhall, Dr. C. Rhomai'des,
Prof. A. A. Sakellarios, Mrs. Sophia Schliemann,
Dr. J. Svordnos, Mr. H. S. Washington, Prof. B. I.
Wheeler, Prof. J. W. White, and Dr. C. H. Young.

The full account of our expenditures for the year I
shall send to the Treasurer at the end of the year. We
have tried to practise a prudent economy.

In nearing the completion of my term of office, I
can see as I look back where the experience which I
have gained might have made me more useful if I could
have had it when I began the year. I can only say
that I have tried to serve the School with fidelity, and
that I have felt fully identified with its interests, great
and small. From you, through your official represent-
atives, your Chairman and your Treasurer, I have re-
ceived most cordial, kind, and efficient support, and in
recognition of this, I tender to you and to them my
hearty thanks, while I wish for the School and for all
those associated in its future direction most abundant
prosperity.

WILLIAM CAREY POLAND,

Annual Director for 1891-92.

Athens, May 2, 1892.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

CO
ON

O O CO "i

O COCO M

O *-> On n

O 00 <-

OnOO
CO

oooooooooooooo
oooooooqoooooo

06666666666066

i^'O^'OO lr> lfl "1 O 10 lO u-> Lr, ur-|

o o

LO L<~)

M CM

biO

~ « o £ ^ .2 „ £

5f o
00 u

3 CO ■ ~ ^

» ^ m CD °0 CD

U J'. <U CD b.

n o O £-0

o ^o P 'a ^

52^ d

u *- ~ «tj

3 deed 3 tfl r; • o

U oj
>

m '5 J2 o 13 > o |o o

' w.SS *g +* 3

O C tJ'O o

3 c

<v o

1 1

£ " * ~

cu <d o) "£

« rt*<D 8

^ c ?

bJO

; -s U £ ffi > £

CD .3" c
Cj »- 3
3^0

" £1
rt 3 ^

3 o rt £ cs -a

3. — ^ ~

5 0

a d°'o
0^3

^-3

3
CI,

o £
« 3
CD

0 a u a,

O O CO O O lo O MD O C\
O CO 1-1 O COO CO 10 vO

CO MD
O eo

ON
CO

0 oV^d m n 6 n

O ri « LootsTt coco
M N nh m 10

On 00
CO rj-

CO
CO

cf _r hT

0 •

ied

bJO

J»1

6 ' "

eg <* «

^ o "a g

g So . § £

^ ^ ^ 3
« bc'So bo 2 C . ^

^ ^ _r-o 2 J rt

0^33^-3030

1 T r/1 1 . ^

r J 3 3 JJ - (U

V- ON

CD I

> C)

O ON

<u
3

O O

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

x
W
S
w

H
<
H

LO
w

■S;
<

co
co
<

z
o

z
w
2 e

< <

E <
H

w
w

>-n

*-n

<u o
bjo -a

■43 bX)
C -j2

0) ,£3 O

co W

Fro;

rt-

-t

1>>

-t"

-1-

-t

^1-

1 s

bJO "43

c c 5

•43 ^5 >

Q PL.

o -

ft.

fq W J

o £

C3
CD
ft

S ro

X ?

<U co

> «

c ^

QJ O

C O

•~ o

o ^

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS.

OCTOBER, 1892.

The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, founded by
the Archaeological Institute of America, and organized under the
auspices of some of the leading American Colleges, was opened Octo-
ber 2, 1882. During the first five years of its existence it occupied
a hired house on the eOSos 'A/xaAias in Athens, near the ruins of the
Olympieum. A large and convenient building was then erected for
the School on a piece of land, granted by the generous liberality of
the government of Greece, on the southeastern slope of Mount Lyca-
bettus, adjoining the ground already occupied by the English School.
This permanent home of the School, built by the subscriptions of its
friends in the United States, was ready for occupation early in 1888.

The building contains the apartments occupied by the Director
and his family, and a large room which is used as a library, and
also as a general reading-room and place of meeting for the whole
School. A few rooms in the house are intended for the use of
students. These are assigned by the Director, under such regula-
tions as he may establish, to as many members of the School as they
will accommodate. Each student admitted to the privilege of a
room in the house will be expected to undertake the performance of
some service to the School, to be determined by the Director ; such,
for example, as keeping the accounts of the School, taking charge of
the delivery of books from the Library and their return, and keeping
up the catalogue of the Library. No charge is made to students for
the use of the rooms themselves ; but a small charge is made for the
use of the furniture and linen of the chamber.

The Library now contains more than 1,700 volumes, exclusive of
sets of periodicals. It includes a complete set of the Greek classics,
and the most necessary books of reference for philological, archaeologi-
cal, and architectural study in Greece.

The advantages of the School are offered free of expense for tuition
to graduates of the Colleges co-operating in its support, and to other

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

American students who are deemed by the Committee of sufficient
promise to warrant the extension to them of the privilege of member-
ship. It is hoped that the Archaeological Institute may in time be
supplied with the means of establishing scholarships which will aid
some members in defraying their expenses at the School. In the
mean time, students must rely upon their own resources, or upon
scholarships which may be granted them by the Colleges to which
they belong. The amount needed for the expenses of an eight
months' residence in Athens differs little from that required in other
European capitals, and depends chiefly on the economy of the
individual.

A peculiar feature of the temporary organization of the School dur-
ing its first six years, which distinguished it from the older German
and French Schools at Athens, was the yearly change of Director.
This arrangement, by which a new Director was sent out each year
by one of the co-operating Colleges, was never looked upon as per-
manent. The School is now to be under the control of a permanent
Director, who by continuous residence at Athens will accumulate that
body of local and special knowledge without which the highest purpose
of such a school cannot be fulfilled, while one or more Professors also
will be sent out each year by the supporting Colleges to assist in the
conduct of the School. (See Regulation V.) The School was able,
even under its temporary organization, to meet a most pressing want,
and to be of service to classical scholarship in America. It sought
at first, and it must continue to seek for the present, rather to arouse a
lively interest in classical art and archaeology in American Colleges,
than to accomplish distinguished achievements. The lack of this in-
terest has heretofore been conspicuous ; but without it the School at
Athens, however well endowed, can never accomplish the best results.
A decided improvement in this respect is already apparent ; and it is
beyond question that the presence in many American Colleges of Pro-
fessors who have been resident a year or more at Athens under favor-
able circumstances, as Annual Directors or as students of the School,
has done much, and will do still more, to stimulate intelligent interest
in classical antiquity.

The address of the Chairman of the Managing Committee is
Thomas D. Seymour, New Haven, Conn. ; that of the Secretary,
Thomas W. Ludlow, Yonkers, N. Y.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

REGULATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF
CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

OCTOBER, 1892.

1. The object of the American School of Classical Studies is to
furnish an opportunity to study Classical Literature, Art, and Antiqui-
ties in Athens, under suitable guidance, to graduates of American
Colleges and to other qualified students; to prosecute and to aid
original research in these subjects ; and to co-operate with the Archae-
ological Institute of America, so far as it may be able, in conducting
the exploration and excavation of classic sites.

IX. The School shall be in charge of. a Managing Committee.
This Committee, originally appointed by the Archaeological Institute,
shall disburse the annual income of the School, and shall have power
to add to its membership and to make such regulations for the gov-
ernment of the School as it may deem proper. The President of the
Archaeological Institute and the Director and Professors of the School
shall be ex officio members of the Committee.

III. The Managing Committee shall meet semiannually, — in New
York on the third Friday in November, and in Boston on the third
Friday in May. Special meetings may be called at any time by the
Chairman.

IV. The Chairman of the Committee shall be the official repre-
sentative of the interests of the School in America. He shall present
a Report annually to the Archaeological Institute concerning the affairs
of the School.

V. 1. The School shall be under the superintendence of a Direc-
tor. The Director shall be chosen and his salary shall be fixed by the
Managing Committee. The term for which he is chosen shall be five
years. The Committee shall place him in charge of the School build-
ing at Athens.

2. Each year the Committee shall appoint from the instructors of
the Colleges uniting in the support of the School one or more Profes-
sors, who shall reside in Athens during the ensuing year and co-operate
in the conduct of the School. In case of the illness or absence of

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

the Director, the senior Professor shall act as Director for the time
being.

VI. The Director shall superintend personally the work of each
member of the School, advising him in what direction to turn his
studies, and assisting him in their prosecution. With the assistance
of the Professors, he shall conduct regular courses of instruction, and
hold meetings of the members of the School at stated times for
consultation and discussion. He shall make a full Report annually
to the Managing Committee of the work accomplished by the
School.

VII. The School year shall extend from the ist of October to the
i st of June. Members shall prosecute their studies during the whole
of this time in Greek lands, under the supervision of the Director.
The studies of the remaining four months necessary to complete a full
year (the shortest term for which a certificate is given) may be carried
on in Greece or elsewhere, as the student prefers.

VIII. Bachelors of Arts of co-operating Colleges, and all Bachelors
of Arts who have studied at one of these Colleges as candidates for a
higher degree, shall be admitted to membership in the School on pre-
senting to the Committee a certificate from the classical department
of the College at which they have last studied, stating that they
are competent to pursue an independent course of study at Athens
under the advice of the Director. All other persons who desire
to become members of the School must make application to the
Committee. Members of the School are subject to no charge for
tuition. The Committee reserves the right to modify the conditions
of membership.

IX. Every member of the School must pursue some definite sub-
ject of study or research in Classical Literature, Art, or Antiquities,
and must present a paper embodying the results of some important
part of his year's work. These papers, if approved by the Director,
shall be sent to the Publishing Committee, in accordance with the
provisions of Regulation XII. If approved by the Publishing Com-
mittee also, the paper shall be issued in the Papers of the School.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

XI. No communications, even of an informal nature, shall be
made by students of the School to the public press, which have not
previously been submitted to the Director, and authorized by him.

XII. 1 i. All manuscripts, drawings, or photographs intended for
publication in the Papers of the School, after approval by the Director,
shall be sent to the Chairman of the Publishing Committee, which
shall be a standing sub-committee of two members of the Managing
Committee.

2. Every article sent for publication must be written on compara-
tively light paper of uniform size, with a margin of at least two inches
on the left of each page. The writing must be clear and distinct,
particularly in the quotations and references. Especial care must be
taken in writing Greek, that the printer may not confound similar
letters, and the accents must be placed strictly above the proper
vowels, as in printing. All quotations and references must be care-
fully verified by the author, after the article is completed, by com-
parison with the original sources.

3. At least two careful squeezes of every inscription discovered by
the School shall be taken as soon as possible ; of these one shall be
sent at once to the Chairman of the Committee on Publications, the
other shall be deposited in the Library of the School.

XIII. When any member of the School has completed one or
more full years of study, the results of which have been approved by
the Director, he shall receive a certificate stating the work accom-
plished by him, signed by the Director of the School, the President
of the Archaeological Institute, and the Chairman and the Secretary
of the Managing Committee.

1 Failure to comply with the provisions of Regulation XII. will be sufficient
ground for the rejection of any paper.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL
OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

1882-1892.

First, Second, and Third Annual Reports of the Managing Com-
mittee, 1881-84. pp. 30.

Fourth Annual Report of the Committee, 1884-85. pp. 30.

Fifth and Sixth Annual Reports of the Committee, 1885-87.
pp. 56.

Seventh Annual Report of the Committee, 1887-88, with the Re^
port of Professor D'Ooge (Director in 1886-87) and that of Professor
Merriam (Director in 1887-88). pp. 115.

Eighth Annual Report of the Committee, 1888-89, with the Re-
ports of the Director, Dr. Waldstein, and of the Annual Director,
Professor Tarbell. pp. 53.

• Ninth Annual Report of the Committee, 1889-90, with the Reports
of the Director, Dr. Waldstein, and of the Annual Director, Professor
Orris, pp. 49.

Tenth Annual Report of the Committee, 1890-91, with the Reports
of the Director, Dr. Waldstein, and of the Annual Director, Professor
Richardson. pp. 47.

Eleventh Annual Report of the Committee, 1891-92, with the Re-
ports of the Director, Dr. Waldstein, and of the Annual Director, Pro-
fessor Poland, pp. 70.

Bulletin I. Report of Professor William W. Goodwin, Director of
the School in 1882-83. pp. 33. Price 25 cents.

Bulletin II. Memoir of Professor Lewis R. Packard, Director of
the School in 1883-84, with Resolutions of the Committee and the
Report for 1883-84. pp. 34. Price 25 cents.

Bulletin III. Excavations at the Heraion of Argos. By Dr.
Waldstein. 4to. pp. 14. 8 plates. Price $3.00.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Preliminary Report of an Archaeological Journey made in Asia
Minor during the Summer of 1884. By Dr. J. R. S. Sterrett. pp. 45.
Price 25 cents.

PAPERS OF THE SCHOOL.

Volume I. 1882-83. Published in [885.. 8vo, pp. viii and 262.
Illustrated. Price $2.00.

Contents : —

1. Inscriptions of Assos, edited by J. R. S. Sterrett.

2. Inscriptions of Tralleis, edited by J. R. S. Sterrett.

3. The Theatre of Dionysus, by James R. Wheeler.

4. The Olympieion at Athens, by Louis Bevier.

5. The Erechtheion at Athens, by Harold N. Fowler.

6. The Battle of Salarnis, by William W. Goodwin.

Volume IV. 1885-86. Published in t888. 8vo, pp. 277. Illus-
trated. Price $2.00.

Contents : —

1. The Theatre of Thoricus, Preliminary Report, by Walter Miller.

2. The Theatre of Thoricus, Supplementary Report, by William L. dishing.

3. On Greek Versification in Inscriptions, by Frederic D. Allen.

4. The Athenian Pnyx, by John M. Crow ; with a Survey of the Pnyx and
Notes, by Joseph Thacher Clarke.

5. Notes on Attic Vocalism, by J. McKeen Lewis.

Volume V. 1887-91. Published in 1892. 8vo, pp. 314. With
41 Cuts, 6 Plans and Maps, and 18 Plates. Price $2.25.

Contents : —

1. Excavations at the Theatre of Sikyon. By W. J. McMurtry and M. L.
Earle.

2. Discoveries in the Attic Deme of Ikaria, 1888. By Carl D. Buck.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

3. Greek Sculptured Crowns and Crown-Inscriptions. By George B.

Hussey.

4. The newly discovered Head of Iris from the Frieze of the Parthenon.
By Charles Waldstein.

5. The Decrees of the Demotionidai. By F. B. Tarbell.

6. Report on Excavations near Stamata in Attica. By Charles Waldstein
and F. B. Tarbell.

7. Discoveries at Anthedon in 1889. By John C. Rolfe, C. D. Buck, and
F. B. Tarbell.

8. Discoveries at Thisbe in 1889. By J. C. Rolfe and F. B. Tarbell.

9. Discoveries at Plataia in 1889. By Charles Waldstein, F. B. Tarbell, and
J. C. Rolfe.

10. An Inscribed Tombstone from Boiotia. By J. C. Rolfe.

11. Discoveries at Plataia in 1890. By Charles Waldstein, Henry S. Washing-
ton, and W. I. Hunt.

12. The Mantineian Reliefs. By Charles Waldstein.

13. A Greek Fragment of the Edict of Diocletian, from Plataia. By Theodor
Mommsen.

14. Appendix. By A. C. Merriam.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN BY CLARENCE
H. YOUNG, Ph. D.,

Member of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens.

Orders for the whole list, or for any part of it, may be sent to Professor A. C.
Merriam, Chairman of the Committee on Publications, 640 Madison Avenue,
New York City.

Size A, 6j X 8£ inches 20 cents.

Size B, 4 X 5 inches 12 cents.

Poor negatives are marked by an asterisk.

ATTICA.

SUNIUM.

1. Cape Sunium and Temple of Athena.

2. Temple of Athena, from the south.

3. View from cape, /Egina in distance.

4. Portion of fortification wall.

THORICUS.

5. General view of theatre.

6. Pointed arch in theatre.

MARATHON.

7. Valley and village of Marathona, from

Bei.

8. Plain, south from Bei'.

RHAMNUS.

9. Temples and walls of sacred pre-

cinct, from east.

10. Temples from east.

11. Temples from southwest.

12. Excavations on Acropolis.

13. Great gateway of Acropolis.

14. East side of Acropolis with fortifica-

tion walls.

TATOL

15. Mt. Pentelicus from inn.

OROPUS.

16. General view of ruins from south-

west.

17. Stage of theatre.

18. Ruins of portico behind stage of

theatre.

19. Row of statue bases and temple from

northwest.

20. Great altar and conduit from temple.

21. General view of ravine and ruins

from northwest.

22. View to north of ruins.

PELOPONNESUS.

SICYON.

23. General view of theatre.

24. View of hyponomos of theatre.

25. Stage buildings of theatre and plain.

26. Orchestra and west half of seats of

theatre.

27. Theatre from southeast, showing

southeast parodos and inclined
approach to stage.

28. Arched passage, east side of cavea.

29. Roman ruin in plain.

30. Wall of stadium.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

31 Gorge, near Vasiliko, with spring
(possibly Stazousa of Pausanias).

32. Gorge of Asopus, near Sicyon.

OLYMPIA.

33. The Cladeus from the Museum.

SAMIKON.

34. Southwest wall and tower.

35. View from Acropolis.

MESSENE.

36. General view of walls adjoining Ar-

cadian Gate.

37. Inner door of Arcadian Gate with

central post.
33. Inner door and south side of court,
Arcadian Gate.

39. Outer door and north side of court,

Arcadian Gate.

40. Looking through the Arcadian Gate

from outside.

41. Wall and arched doorway behind

theatre.

42. Courtyard of Vourkano Convent,

Ithome.

SPARTA.

43. General view of theatre from east

retaining wall.
44 East retaining wall of theatre.

45. Taygetus and east retaining wall of

theatre.

46. Ruin to east of theatre.

47. "Tomb'of Leonidas."

48. 49. Panorama of Taygetus from Vour-

liatiko Khan.

MANTINEA.

50. Ruins about theatre from northeast.

51. Theatre and plain from top of cavea.

52. Stage structure ax\6\ parodoi o{ theatre.

53. Treasure-house (?) and north retain-

ing wall of theatre.

MEGALOPOLIS.

54. General view of theatre and Ther-

silion (?).

55. West retaining wall of theatre.

56. Orchestra and cavea of theatre from

northwest.

57. Stage of theatre.

58. Stage and orchestra of theatre from

Thersilion (?).

59. East side of theatre.

LYCOSURA.

60. Temple and Acropolis.

61. Temple from northeast.

62. Basis of large statue in temple.

63. View from Acropolis.

64. Ruins to east of temple.

CENTRAL GREECE.

DELPHI.

65. Gorge of the Pleistus, the Sacred

Plain, and Gulf of Crissa, from hill
of Amphictyonic Council.

66. View toward Gulf of Crissa, showing

hill of Amphictyonic Council-

67. Kastri and the Phaedriadae.

68. Castalian Gorge.

69. Kastri from Arachova road.

70. View toward Arachova.

VARIA.

71. Greek priest and family, Skripou.

72. Sanctuary of the Ptoan Apollo.

73. East wall of north gate, Goulas.

74. Thermopylae from the east.

ISLANDS.

75. East end of temple, ^Egina.

SANTORIN.

76. Exterior of temple.

77. Interior of temple.

MUSEUMS.

NATIONAL MUSEUM, ATHENS.

78. Archaic room.

t79- Archaic Apollo from Melos.

t8o. Male head from Lycosura.

f8i. Female head from Lycosura.

t82. Smaller female head from Lycosura.

t These photographs cannot be furnished until the official publication of the statues.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

t83- Piece of drapery, ornamented in re-
lief, from Lycosura.

t84. Piece of drapery, ornamented in re-
lief, from Lycosura (opposite side).

85. Dionysus (?) from Sicyon.

86. Themis from Rhamnus.

87. Room of Poseidon.

88. Room of funeral vases and grave

reliefs.

89. Grave relief, No. 717.

90. Grave reliefs, Nos. 725-727.

91. Grave reliefs, Nos. 742-745 and

783-785-

92. Grave reliefs, Nos. 829-831.

93. Grave relief, No. 832.

94. Grave relief, No. 833.

95. Grave reliefs, Nos. 896-899 and

910-913.

ACROPOLIS MUSEUM.

96. Unfinished statue and bases, Nos.

1325-1327.

97. Reliefs, Nos. 1328-1330.

98. Reliefs of Nike balustrade.

*99- Case of archaic heads, Nos. 634-
664.

OLYMPIA.

100. Archaic head of Hera.

SPARTA.

ior. Archaic reliefs

102. Relief with female figure (good
period).

*io3- Archaic stele and Roman altar.

ATTICA.

ATHENS AND ENVIRONS.

104. King's Palace and Constitution

Square.

105. The Pompeion(?) near the Dipy-

lon Gate.

*to6. Themistoclean wall and Ceramicus
boundary stone.

107. Hegeso tomb.

108. Grave relief of woman with pitcher,

Street of Tombs.

109. Colonus and monuments from

south.

no. Hill of Demeter Euchloos from
Colonus.

in. Chapel on Colonus and hill of
Demeter.

112. Harbor of Piraeus, Psyttaleia, and

Salamis from the hill of Mu-
nichia.

113. Harbor of Zea from hill of Mu-

nichia.

114. Inner part of harbor of Zea from

west.

*i 15. Harbor of Zea and hill of Munichia
from west.
116. Entrance to harbor of Zea.

PHYLE.

*i 1 7. Northeast corner, interior.

118. East wall, exterior.

119. North wall, exterior.

VARIA.

*I20. Defile near Phyle and the Harma.

121. Pass of Janula, near Phyle.

122. Chasia.

123. Square at Menidi (Acharnag?).

124. A bit of the Marathon road.
*I25. Cape Cynosura, Marathon, from

east.

126. Cypresses near Skala Oropou.

127. On the road to Thebes, Mt. Cithae-

ron in distance.

PELOPONNESUS.

SICYON.

128. Hyponomos and stage of theatre,

before the excavations of De-
cember, 1 89 1.

129. Orchestra and west side of cavea

of theatre, before the excava-
tions of December, 1891.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

130. Stage buildings of theatre, Vasiliko
and Acrocorinth in distance.
*I3I. Steps and interior of hyponomos of
theatre, looking toward the stage
from central tank.

MESSENE.

132. Outer door of Arcadian Gate.
*I33« Columns and architrave block,
south side of stadium.

134. Standing columns, north side of

stadium.

SPARTA.

135. Broken end of west retaining wall

of theatre.
*i36. Therapne.

137. The Menelaeum on Therapne,

south side.

138. The Menelaeum on Therapne,

north side.
*I39. East wall of Amyclaeum.

140. Architectural fragment built in

wall of chapel, Amyclaeum.

MEGALOPOLIS.

141. Stage of theatre and surrounding

country.

142. Orchestra and seats of theatre

from west.

143. East end of stage and seats of

theatre.

144. 145. Panorama of stage of thea-

tre, Thersilion (?), the Helisson,
and plain of Megalopolis.

LYCOSURA.

146. Ornamented corner of guttae.

147. Torso of colossal statue.

PHIGALIA.

^148. A portion of the city walls.

149. Door in city wall.

ACHLADOKAMPOS, NEAR HYSI^.

1 50. Khan from south.

151. Khan from south, nearer view.

152. Khan and plane trees from north-

west-

LERNA.

153. Spring.

1 54. Spring and outlet.

155. Marshes.

MYCEN/E.

156. Secret door.

157. Postern gate (interior).

KASARMI (LESSA?).

158. Acropolis.

159. Polygonal wall and remains of

tower.

HIERON OF EPIDAURUS.

160. View northeast from Museum.

161. Stage of Roman Theatre.

162. Orchestra of Roman Theatre.

163. Temple of iEsculapius.

EPIDAURUS.

164. Bluff of Athena Kissaea and plain.

165. Piece of polygonal fortification

wall.

166. Village of Epidavra across the bay

from Nisi.

167. Broken statue on Nisi.

VARIA.

168. Isthmian sanctuary and Saronic

Gulf.

169. Snow-peaks in Arcadia from Velio.

170. Main street, Kiato.

171. Parnassus from Vasiliko.

172. Vasiliko from east.

173. A bit of the Gulf of Corinth, south

shore.

174. Wharves and harbor of Patras,

iEtolia in distance.
175 Lower part of base of Paeonius's
Victory, in situ.

176. View in Langada Pass.

177. Turkish bridge near Mistra.

178. Bridge over Saranta Potamos, and

surrounding country.

179. Palaeo Episkopi .on supposed foun-

dation of theatre, Tegea.

180. Plain of Frankovrysis (Asean

Plain).

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

181. Acropolis of Asea.

182. Karytaena.

183. Gorge of the Alpheus near Kary-

taena.

184. A view in the plain of Mantinea.

185. Argolic Gulf from highest point of

Tripolitza road.

186. View toward Gulf from Tripolitza

road.

187. Square at Nauplia, and Palamidi.

188. Tiryns, west side.
*i8(). The Heraeum, Argos.

190. Remains of pyramid near Ligourio.

CENTRAL GREECE.

DELPHI.

191. Interior of rock-cut tomb near

Delphi.

*I92. Gulf of Crissa and sacred plain
from rock-cut tomb.

193. Delphi from Arachova road.

194. Wall of gymnasium (?) near mon-

astery.

195. Stoa of the Athenians.

196. East end of stadium with rock-

cut seats.

197. Plain of Pleistus toward Arachova

from stadium.

198. View toward Parnassus from top

of Phaedriadae.

DAVLIA.

199. Parnassus from Acropolis.

2co. Portion of fortification wall,
Acropolis.
*20i. Towers flanking entrance to
Acropolis.

CHARON EA.

202. Acropolis.

203. Theatre.

*204- Head of the lion.

205. Foot of the lion.

PLAT/EA.

206. Portion of southwest wall.

207. Tower of wall.

208. Portion of cross-wall with bosses.

SANCTUARY OF PTOAN APOLLO.

*209. Temple from east.

210. Cavern to west of temple.
*2ii. Subterranean building on slope
below temple.

ACR^EPHIA.

212. Door in Acropolis wall.

213. Southwest Acropolis wall, Parnas-

sus in distance.

VARIA.

214. Gulf of Crissa from Itea.

215. Gulf of Crissa and sacred plain

from Chryso.

216. Chryso (Crissa).

*2i7. Parnassus from Corycian Grotto.

218. Gorge near Zagora, Mt. Helicon.
*2I9. Ruins of temple, Valley of the
Muses.

220. Portion of walls of Haliartus.

221. East side of north gate, Goulas,

from inside.

ISLANDS.

^EGINA.

222. iEgina near temple.

223. Harbor.

224. South mole with Frankish tower,

harbor.

DELOS.

225. General view of ruins and Mt.

Cynthus.

226. Propylaea.

227. Temples north of Apollo's Temple.
*228. Ruins from north of Philip's

Portico.

229. Statue basis with archaic inscrip-

tion.

230. Statue basis, grotesque head on

corner.

231. Mt. Cynthus.

232. Temple of Serapis (?) on Mt.

Cynthus.

233. Grotto of Apollo.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

SANTORIN.

*234- Town from harbor.
235. Bluff, showing lava strata.

MELOS.

236-239. Panorama of south coast.
*24o. West coast.

^241. West retaining wall of theatre.

242. Central seats of theatre.

243. East side of cavea of theatre.

PAROS.

244. Entrance to marble quarries.

245. Mule with Greek saddle.

CORFU.

246. A bit of the east coast.

247. View of town and bay from For-

tezza Vecchia.

248. Palace, point, and Albanian coast

from Fortezza Vecchia.

249. A quiet corner.

250. Strada Marina and Lake Kalikio-

poulo from Fortezza Vecchia.

251. Lake Kalikiopoulo, Canone, and

Monte Santa Deca from For-
tezza Vecchia.

252. General view of Lake Kalikio-

poulo (harbor of Phaeacians?)
and Palaeopolis.

253. " Ship of Ulysses " from Canone.

254. Monte Santa Deca from Canone.

255. West coast of Corfu, south from

Pelleka.

256. Two bays near Palaeokastrizza.

257. Bluff and bay, Palaeokastrizza.

258. Bluff of Castle of San Angelo.

259. Coast south from Palaeokastrizza.

260. Monastery of Palaeokastrizza and

west coast.

VARIA.

261. Northwest shore of Salamis.

262. Early morning, harbor of Chalcis.
*263- Town of Syra from harbor.

MUSEUMS.

CEPHISIA.

264. Helen and the Dioscuri (?), relief

on sarcophagus.

265. Leda and the Swan, relief on sar-

cophagus.

EREMOKASTRO (THESPEE).

266. Small seated statuette.

267. Reliefs.

MYCONUS.

268. Archaic female figures.

269. Beautiful relief of seated female

figure.

270. Heads, torso, and relief of boar

hunt.

271. Archaic male head.

VARIA.

272. Archaic head of Hera, Olympian

Museum.

273. Marble faun from Sparta, at Tripo-

litza.

274. Relief of spear-bearing youth with

horse, Argos Museum.

CASTS.

The following plaster casts of objects found in the excavations of the School
at the Heraeum may be had on application to Professor Merriam at the affixed

prices : —

Hera head with pedestal . $5 00

Warrior head with pedestal 4.00

Amazon (?) head with pedestal 4.00

Male torso 5 00

Female torso . 4.00

Sima ornament with birds 4.00

Two lion heads each 2.co

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

CIRCULAR OF INFORMATION FOR STUDENTS WHO
PROPOSE TO JOIN THE SCHOOL.

OCTOBER, 1892.

Ability to read easily works in German and French is indispensable
for the best success of the student's work in Greece. Ability to speak
these languages, and understand them when spoken, is very desira-
ble, — especially for the sake of profiting by the lectures before the
French and German Schools, and of communicating with scholars of
those nationalities.

Students are advised to go to Athens, if possible, by way of London,
Paris, or Berlin, for the study of the Museums. Study for about six
weeks in the Museums of Berlin, with the aid of Friedrichs-Wolters's
Catalogue of Casts and Furtwangler's Catalogue of Vases, is earnestly
recommended as a preparation for work at the School.

The ordinary route from Germany to Greece is by way of Trieste,
whence a steamer of the Austrian Lloyd sails weekly for the Piraeus.

The route from Berlin to Athens by way of Constantinople is inter-
esting. The cost of a second-class passage (comfortable) is about
forty dollars.

From Western Europe the quickest route is by steamer from Brindisi
to Patras (a little more than twenty-four hours), and thence by rail to
Athens (about eight hours). The routes through the Gulf of Corinth
and around Peloponnesus are very attractive in good weather.

The best way to reach Greece, if it is desired to proceed direct
from the United States, is by one of the two great German lines,
which now despatch regular express steamers from New York to
Genoa and Palermo. From Genoa a good weekly Italian steamer,
and from Palermo a steamer of the Messageries line, sails direct to
the Piraeus.

At the large hotels in Athens, board and lodging can be obtained
for $14 per week ; at small hotels and in private families, for $5.50 per
week, and upward. A limited number of students may have rooms,
without board, in the School building. A pension which is well recom-

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

mended is now established near the School, which charges $20-25 Per
month for dinner and supper.

The student should go well supplied with clothing and other neces-
saries for his stay, as all such articles are expensive in Athens ; and in
providing these he must not count too much on a warm climate dur-
ing the winter.

The School library, which now contains more than seventeen hun-
dred volumes, provides all the books that are most essential for study
in Greece, and the student in travelling should encumber himself
with few books. He should take with him, however, a copy of each
of the following : —

Pausanias. (The Teubner text is convenient.)

Murray's Handbook of Greek Archaeology, or Collignon's Manual of Greek
Archaeology.

Harrison and Verrall's Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens.
Baedeker's Guide to Greece, or the Guides Joanne, Grece, or both.
Vincent and Dickson's Handbook to Modern Greek.

LIST OF BOOKS RECOMMENDED.

GENERAL WORKS.
Pausanias : II epi^y 770-15 tt}? 'EAAaSos.

Collignon : Manual of Greek Archaeology (translated by Wright).

1886. pp. 384.
Murray : Handbook of Greek Archaeology. 1892. pp. 483.

Both the two foregoing are good general introductions to archaeological

study.

Guhl and Koner : Life of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

A general treatise on antiquities. Popular rather than scientifically exact.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Baumeister : Denkmaler des klassischen Altertums. 3 quarto vols.
A cyclopaedia of ancient art, architecture, mythology, and biography, as
illustrated by extant monuments. It treats also of the topography of impor-
tant cities, and, less fully, of general antiquities. Recent, complete, and trust-
worthy. With 2,400 illustrations, 7 maps, and 94 large plates. 1885-88.
pp 2224.

C. O. M tiller : Ancient Art and its Remains. 1835 [1850]. pp. 637.
A comprehensive foundation for further study. Truly admirable in its
time, but now almost sixty years old, and hence somewhat antiquated and
inaccurate.

Taine : Philosophic de 1'Art en Grece. (Also translated.)

On Greek art as modified and explained by Greek life, thought, institutions,
and surroundings.

Von Sybel : Weltgeschichte der Kunst. 1887. pp. 479.

A practical and useful work on classical art and architecture, well illus-
trated with 380 cuts.
Iwan Miiller : Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft. 8 vols. 188 5-.

A thesaurus of philological and archaeological learning in systematic form,
containing many important monographs. Not yet complete.

Hiibner : Bibliographic der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft. 1889. pp. 334.
S. Reinach : Manuel de Philologie classique. 2 vols. 1883. pp. 314, 414.
A most useful index to all branches of classical knowledge.

Stark : Systematik und Geschichte der Archaologie der Kunst. 1878-80.
pp. 400.

A valuable manual of condensed information, especially in regard to the
progress of archaeological research in modern times.

C. T. Newton : Essays on Art and Archaeology. 1880. pp. 472.

The basis and beginning of recent archaeological study in England. The
Essay on Greek Inscriptions should be read by every beginner in epigraphy.

Burnouf : Memoires sur TAntiquite. 1878. pp. 378.

Abounds in suggestions that may lead to profitable study.
Boeckh-Frankel : Die Staatshaushaltung der Athener. 2 vols. 1886. pp.1446.
Smith : Dictionary of Antiquities (Third Edition). 2 vols. 1890. pp.2123.
K. F. Hermann: Lehrbuch der griechischen Antiquitaten. 4 vols.

Of various editions ; not all complete.
Daremberg et Saglio : Dictionnaire des Antiquit.es. A-C, pp. 1702. Folio.

The best of its class, but unfinished.

Rich : Dictionary of Antiquities. 1873.
A handy book.

62 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Milchhofer : Anfange der Kunst in Griechenland. 1883. pp. 247.

Beule : L'Art grec avant Pericles. 1869. PP- 498-

A good presentation of what was known of archaic art thirty years ago.
Diehl : Excursions Archeologiques en Grece. 1890.

A popular account of some of the chief recent excavations. A translation
by Miss Perkins is now published, with 9 plans and 41 illustrations.

Schuchhardt: Schlieraann's Excavations (translated by Miss Sellars).

A convenient digest, as well as a scientific discussion, of Schliemann's
discoveries. 1891. pp. 363.

Percy Gardner : New Chapters in Greek History. 1892. pp.459.

Embodies in convenient and scholarly form some of the results of recent
excavations in various parts of Greece, giving much information which else-
where is found only scattered in periodicals, brochures, and expensive works.
Its field corresponds in part with that of Diehl (above).

Perrot et Chipiez : Histoire de l'Art dans l'Antiquite. 5 large vols. 1882-.

Interesting and valuable. It shows wide and intelligent study, and con-
tains much information gained from recent sources ; but it is too diffuse, it
lacks due proportion, and is not exempt from questionable speculations and
conclusions.

Woltmann and Woermann : History of Painting. Translated from the German.
Edited by Sidney Colvin.

This work affords a comprehensive survey of the history of painting, and is
useful as an introduction to the subject. Part I., by Karl Woermann (pp. 145),
gives a generally trustworthy summary of what is known respecting the art as
practised in Egypt, Assyria, Greece, and Italy.

Lepsius: Marmorstudien.

A treatise on the chief marble quarries of Greece, and a scientific determi-
nation of the marbles employed in Greek statues.

ARCHITECTURE.

Durm : Die Baukunst der Griechen (Second Edition, 1892).
Complete, and generally accurate.

Von Reber : History of Ancient Art (translated by Clarke).

Much briefer than Durm, but good in its summary discussion of the origin
and development of architectural styles, and as a comprehensive survey of
the chief remains of ancient art. 1882. pp. 478.

Penrose : Principles of Athenian Architecture (Second Edition). 1888.

A minute, mathematical study of architectural technic and refinements, as
exhibited in the Parthenon. In large folio, pp. 128. 48 plates, 34 cuts.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Michaelis: Der Parthenon. 1871.

Deals with the history, architecture, and especially the sculptural decora-
tions of the Parthenon. A standard work. Folio. With 1 5 folio plates.

Bohn : Die Propylaen der Akropolis zu Athen. 1882.

Indispensable for exact study of this structure, though shown by recent
investigations to be in part incorrect. Folio, pp. 40. With 21 plates.

Boutmy: Philosophic de l'Architecture en Grece. 1870.

A suggestive attempt to explain the development of Greek architecture
through considerations of the circumstances and intellectual qualities of the
Greeks.

Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America. Report on the Investigations
at Assos.

Sets forth the routine and experiences of a successful campaign of excava-
tion, with information upon early Doric architecture and provincial Greek ai t.

SCULPTURE.

Mrs. Lucy M. Mitchell: History of Ancient Sculpture. 1883.

A voluminous work, presenting a great mass of knowledge with many of
the recent theories. With Mrs. Mitchell's Selections from Ancient Sculpture.
1883. 20 folio plates.

Overbeck : Geschichte der griechischen Plastik (Fourth Edition,
2 vols., first part in 1892).

A standard work on Greek sculpture.

Overbeck : Die antiken Schriftquellen zur Geschichte der bildenden
Kiinste.

An indispensable collection of references in classical literature to ancient
artists and their works.

The three preceding are all valuable. Overbeck's work is more scientific
and scholarly than Mrs. Mitchell's, but as an introduction may not be ranked
above it.

Paris : Ancient Sculpture (translated by Miss Harrison). 1890.
A useful introduction to the subject.

Collignon : Histoire de la Sculpture grecque. pp. 569.

Only Volume I. has appeared (189.2); this carries the subject as far as the
early works of Phidias. It is excellent in statement and illustration, and
includes many of the latest acquisitions in archaic art.

Brunn : Geschichte der griechischen Kiinstler. 2 vols. 1857, 1859. pp. 1605.
A monumental work, indispensable to the more advanced student of art,
although it was published nearly forty years ago. (Reprinted in 1889.)

64 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Friedrichs-Wolters : Gipsabgiisse antiker Bildwerke; Bausteine zur Geschichte
der griechisch-romischen Plastik. 1885. pp. 850.

A catalogue of casts in the Museum of Berlin. Practically, a complete and
serviceable history of Greek sculpture.

Waldstein : Essays on the Art of Pheidias. 1885. pp.431.

Popular and interesting studies. 17 plates, and cuts.
Petersen: Die Kunst des Pheidias. 1873. pp. 418.

Probably the best and most comprehensive scientific discussion of this

subject.

Collignon : Phidias. 1886. pp. 384.

Succinct, clear, and well illustrated.
Heuzey: Catalogue des Terres Cuites du Louvre. 1882-.

The best single work on the technic, interpretation, and uses of Greek figu-
rines in terra-cotta.

Pottier : Les Statuettes de Terre Cuite dans l'Antiquite. 1890.

An able sketch of the entire subject. The treatment is popular, yet
scientific.
Ruskin : Aratra Pentelici.

Recommended for reading for the higher appreciation of criticism which it
may promote, and for its suggestive presentation of some qualities of Greek
art, especially in low relief and in coins.

VASES.

Rayet et Collignon : Histoire de la Ceramique grecque. 1888.

A standard recent work on this subject, pp. 420. 16 plates, 145 cuts.
Dumont et Chaplain : Les Ceramiques de la Grece propre. 2 vols.
Volume I. History of Greek ceramic art down to the fifth century B. c,
terminated at this point by Dumont's death. Volume II. Collected Essays ;
more exhaustive for the period which it covers than the preceding volume.
An expensive illustrated work. Quarto. 188 1, 1890.

Von Rohden : Vasenkunde, in Baumeister's Denkmaler. pp. 193 1-
201 1.

An excellent and trustworthy article ; sufficiently complete to serve as a
preparation for study in museums.

Furtwangler und Loeschcke : Mykenische Vasen. 1887.

Treats ably a subject which has attracted increasing attention during
recent years.

Birch: History of Ancient Pottery. 2 vols. 1873.

A popular general history. Not scientifically accurate, and named here
chiefly because it is the only work on the subject in English.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Furtwangler : Vasensammlung im Antiquarium (Berlin). 2 vols. 1885.

This practically serves as a comprehensive history of ceramic art. pp. 1 105.
Klein: Euphronios. 1886. pp.323. 60 cuts.

Klein : Die griechisehen Vasen mit Meistersignaturen. 1887. pp. 261.

The two last mentioned works will be required by somewhat advanced
students.

COINS.

Percy Gardner : Types of Greek Coins.

This treats of the science of numismatics only in its bearing upon art and
archaeology.

Head: Historia Numorum. 1887.

A numismatic history of the ancient Greek world. " The most comprehen-
sive work on numismatics since Eckhel."
Catalogues of Coins of the British Museum. 1873-

The best extensive series of illustrations of coins by accurate reproductions.
More than a dozen volumes have appeared.

F. Lenormant : Monnaies et Medailles. 1883. pp. 328.

A good popular introduction, not stopping with antiquity.

EPIGRAPHY.

Roberts : Introduction to Greek Epigraphy. 1887. pp.419.

History of the development of the Greek alphabet down to 400 B.C., illus-
trated by inscriptions, many in facsimile, from all parts of the Greek world.
Only Vol. I. has yet (1892) appeared.

Dittenberger : Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum. 1883.

" Inscriptiones Graecae ad res gestas et instituta Graecorum cognoscenda
praecipue utiles.'' An excellent collection, with admirable commentaries,
pp. 804.

Kirchhoff : Studien zur Geschichte des griechisehen Alphabets (Fourth Edi-
tion). 1887. pp. 180.

Entirely supersedes previous works on this subject.

Hicks : Greek Historical Inscriptions. 1882.

As its name implies, this treats inscriptions from the historical, not the
epigraphical, point of view. pp. 372.

Larfeld : Griechische Epigraphik, in Midler's Handbuch der Altertumswissen-
schaft, Vol. II. (Second Edition, 1892), pp. 357-624.

An excellent treatise, presenting in concise and scientific form a mass of
important facts and principles, with references to the most important works
on the subject.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Hinrichs: Griechische Epigraphik, in Mutter's Handbuch, Vol. II. (First Edi-
tion, 1886), pp. 329-474.

Good, but not so complete as the treatise by Larfeld.
S. Reinach: Traite' d'Ftpigraphie grecque. 1885.

A manual of information and suggestion, pp. 560.
Collitz: Sammlung der griechischen Dialektinschriften. 1884-.

Not yet complete, but already contains most of the inscriptions which are
important for the illustration or study of the dialects of Greece.

Cauer : Delectus Inscriptionum Graecarum (Second Edition). 1883. pp. 363.

A selection of inscriptions for the illustration of Greek dialects.
Meisterhans : Grammatik der attischen Inschriften (Second Edition). 1888.
This work gives important statistics with regard to the use of forms and
syntactical constructions in Attic inscriptions, and is indispensable in work
on such inscriptions, pp. 237.

G. Meyer: Griechische Grammatik (Second Edition). 1886. pp. 552.

A scientific grammar, with constant reference to forms found in inscriptions.

Kiihner-Blass : Grammatik der griechischen Sprache. Vol. I. in two parts.
1890, 1892. pp. 1297.

Fairly exhaustive for inscriptional as well as literary forms.
Roehl : Inscriptiones Graecae Antiquissimae. Folio. 1883. pp. 193.

Indispensable for the study of the Epichoric alphabets of Greece.
Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum. 4 vols., folio. 1877-92
Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. 1825-92.

Seven volumes, folio, including the recently published volumes of inscrip-
tions from Sicily and Northern Greece.

Loewy: Inschriften griechischer Bildhauer. Quarto. 1885. pp. 410.

S. Reinach: Conseils aux Voyageurs archeologues en Grece. 1886. i2mo.
pp. 116.

A little book with excellent directions for making "squeezes," and other
practical hints.

TOPOGRAPHY.
Baedeker : Greece. 1889. pp. 374.

In the main, the work of Dr. Lolling. Scientific, convenient, and trustwor-
thy. The English translation is at present to be preferred to the German
original, being more recent.

Guides Joanne : Vol. I. Athenes et ses Environs. 1890. pp. 216.
Vol. II. Grece et les lies. 1891. pp. 509.

This covers more ground than Baedeker, and is fuller. In the main, the
work of M. Haussoullier and other members of the French School at Athens.
These German and French guides are both excellent, and one supplements
the other.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Curtius und Kaupert : Atlas von Athen. 1878. 12 large folio plates.
With full explanatory text. A standard work, though antiquated in parts.

Curtius und Kaupert : Karten von Attika (mit erlauternderm Text .
Large and minutely exact maps, executed " auf Veranlassung des Instituts "
by officers of the Prussian government. The text, by E. Curtius and Milch-
hofer, is particularly important for questions concerning the topography of
the Athenian ports.

Milchhofer : Untersuchungen iiber die Demenordnung des Kleis-
thenes. 1892.

This contains the latest information about the position of the Attic demes.
With a map.

Harrison and Verrall : Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens.
1890. pp. 736.

Especially valuable as containing many of the results of Dr. Dorpfeld's re-
cent investigations. With many illustrations.

Bursian : Geographie von Griechenland. 2 vols. 1862-68. pp. 1002.
Old, but still indispensable as a book of reference.

Tozer: Geography of Greece. 1873. PP- 4°5-

Lolling: Topographie von Griechenland, in Midler's Handbuch, Vol. III.
PP- 99-352- l889-

Much briefer than Bursian's work, but recent, and covering the entire Greek
world. Especially good for Athens.

Leake : Travels in Northern Greece. 4 vols. 1835.

Leake : Topography of Athens and the Demi of Attica. 2 vols. 1841. pp. 943.
Leake : Travels in the Morea. 3 vols. 1830.

These three works by Colonel Leake form a monumental series. Written

before 1840, they have been the basis of all topographical study in Greece since

that time.

E. Curtius: Peloponnesos. 2 vols. 1851-52. pp.1134.

Published forty years ago, but not yet superseded. Fuller than Bursian's
work.

Jahn-Michaelis : Pausaniae Descriptio Arcis Athenarum (1880). pp. 70.

The text of Pausanias's Periegesis of the Acropolis, with much ancient illus-
trative matter, both literary and epigraphic, added in the form of notes.

E. Curtius: Stadtgeschichte von Athen. 1891. pp.339. With plans.

The most recent contribution to the topography of Athens. Historical in
its arrangement, presenting results rather than arguments, in interesting style.
An introduction contains a collection by Milchhofer of the passages in the
works of ancient authors which illustrate the topography and monuments of
the city. Stimulating, though some of its theories are antiquated.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Wachsmuth : Die Stadt Athen im Alterthum. 1874-1890.

The best work on Athens, if but one is chosen. t It discusses not only to-
pography, but also political, social, and religious institutions. As yet only
the first volume and the first half of the second have appeared, pp. 768.
Burnouf: La Ville et l'Acropole d'Athenes. 1877. pp. 220.

A series of suggestive essays on the historical development of Athens.
One of the earliest destructive onslaughts on Beule's theories as to the en-
trance to the Acropolis.

A. Botticher: Die Akropolis von Athen. 1888. pp. 295. 36 plates, 132 cuts.

Deals with the remains on the Acropolis and its slopes.
A. Botticher : Olympia. 1886. pp.420. 21 plates, 95 cuts.

A convenient digest of the cumbrous official reports.
Milchhofer : Athen, in Baumeister's Denkmaler. pp. 144-209.
Flasch : Olympia, in Baumeister's Denkmaler. pp. 1053-1104 (= 90 pp.).
Flasch : Pergamon, in Baumeister's Denkmaler. pp. 1 206-1237.

The three preceding are all excellent and comprehensive essays. That on
Pergamon is necessarily incomplete, since full publication of the work there
has not yet been made. The illustrations and maps are good.

Steffen : Karten von Mykenae. 1884. Folio, pp. 48.

Neumann und Partsch : Physikalische Geographie von Griechenland. 1885.
PP- 475-

MYTHOLOGY.

Preller : Griechische Mythologie. 2 vols. 1875-1887.

The best work on the origin and development of Greek myths.

Roscher : Lexikon der griechischen und romischen Mythologie.

Minute and exhaustive. In process of publication ; not quite half com-
plete (2024 pp.). Especially valuable for its historical treatment of mythol-
ogy in art.

Seemann : Mythologie der Griechen und Romer. 1886. pp. 280.

Collignon : Mythologie figuree de la Grece.

Brief, but good ; including only so much of mythological legend as suffices
to explain certain usual types in art.

Decharme : Mythologie de la Grece antique. 1886. pp. 697.

Resembles Preller's work in plan and scope. A standard work in French.
Overbeck : Griechische Kunstmythologie.

Treats of mythology as illustrated by extant monuments of art. A com-
prehensive and elaborate work in several volumes, — text and folio atlas. Not
yet complete.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Welcker : Griechische Gotterlehre. 3 vols. 1857-63. pp. 1973.
Dyer : The Gods in Greece. 1891. pp.457.

Presents some of the results of recent excavations, especially at Eleusis and
Delos, with a study of the mythological questions suggested by them.

Ruskin : Queen of the Air.

Without scientific value, but rich in poetic suggestions.

PERIODICALS.

Bulletin de Correspondance hellenique. Founded 1877.

The official organ of the French School at Athens.
Mitteilungen des deutschen Archaologischen Instituts (Athenische Abteilung).
Founded 1876.

The organ of the German Institute at Athens. The later volumes contain
the results of important architectural studies by Dr. Dorpfeld.

Jahrbuch des deutschen Archaologischen Instituts. Founded 1886.

More general in its contents than the preceding, numbering among its con-
tributors the most prominent archaeologists of Germany.

American Journal of Archaeology. Founded 1885.

This publishes much of the work of the American School at Athena.
Journal of Hellenic Studies. Founded 1880.

Published by the Society for the promotion of Hellenic Studies (England),
and containing the chief fruits of the work of the British School at Athens.

'E<£r7/xepts 'ApxcuoAoyi/oy. Quarto. Third Series founded 1883.

UpOLKTLKa rrjs iv 'A^vatq 'Ap^atoAoyiK-^s 'Eraipias.

These works are both published by the Archaeological Society of Athens.
The UpaKTLKoi is a yearly report, with summary accounts of the excavations
undertaken by the Society. The 'E<pr)/j.epis is an illustrated journal of archae-
ology and epigraphy.

AeXrLov 'Ap^atoAoyi/cdv. Founded 1888.

Edited by Mr. Kabbadias, Ephor General of Antiquities of Greece. A
monthly bulletin of recent discoveries.

Archaeologisch-epigraphische Mitteilungen aus Oesterreich-Ungarn.

Revue Archeologique. Founded 1844.

Archaologische Zeitung. 43 vols. 1843-86.

Gazette Archeologique. Founded 1875.

The two immediately preceding have now ceased to appear. The old vol-
umes (particularly of the Archaologische Zeitung) contain many valuable
articles. The volumes of the Gazette Archeologique abound in excellent
illustrations of a great variety of works of art.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

MODERN GREEK.

Vincent and Dickson : Handbook to Modern Greek. 1881.

The best text-book on the subject in English. It deals rather with the lit-
erary language than with that spoken by the people, and hence cannot be a
complete conversational guide, especially in the rural districts, pp. 341.

Jannaris : Wie spricht man in Athen.

Deals with the spoken rather than with the literary language, giving a num-
ber of Greek dialogues and a Greek-German vocabulary.

Hatzidakis : Einleitung in die neugriechische Sprache. 1891.
pp. 178.

Scientific philological discussions (not quite a systematic grammar) in the
same series as Whitney's Sanskrit Grammar and Meyer's Griechische Gram-
matik. 1892. pp. 464.

Mitsotakis : Praktische Grammatik der neugriechischen Sprache.

Serviceable in the study of the spoken language.
Mrs. Gardner : A Grammar of Modern Greek. 1892.

Best for the ordinary language of the people.

Contopoulos : Modern Greek and English Lexicon.

Jannarakis : Neugriechisch-deutsches Worterbuch.

The latter is rather the better of the dictionaries. Neither does justice to
the speech of common life.

• AMERICAN • SCHOOL- OF • CLASSICAL- STVD1ES ■
•MAP-OF-

-EXOVATIQN -AT -THE 'HERAEVM- AR.GOS

• FEBRVARY- TO -APRIL- . >p

•MDCCCXCII-

.J3-C-C

\ J ..
INDEX

A.Vppcr Terrace L Tuins or Byzantine Churci f

B^ite oe Later Temple M.Cistern
Ca/fferSeoa -GO Lower Stoa N.Cuthngsand Trenches

D. Tile Drain O.Bronzes and Terra Cottas" ]

E. Cvt Stones and Fragments P . Ditto

F. House Q.Head oe Hera Found Here

G. Moundof Earth R. Torso Found Here

H. West Cutting S.Dump

I . Steps T. Old Walls Not Located

J. Cistern ? V.RetainingWall oe UpitoTerrace

K.Bath W.XX Z. Old Retaining Walls

Jrtjjaoloogttal Institute 0f %mtxtm.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

MANAGING COMMITTEE

OF THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS.

1892-93.
JKitfj ft? Reports of

FRANK B. TARBELL, Ph D , Secretary,
CHARLES WALDSTEIN, Ph. D , LlTT.D., L.H.D., Professor of Art,

AND

JAMES R. WHEELER, Ph. D., Professor of the Greek Language and Literature.

CAMBRIDGE:
JOHN WILSON AND SON.
SEntbcrsttg $rrss.
1894.

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES
AT ATHENS.

JHanatjmg ^ommi'ttee.

1892-93.

Thomas Day Seymour (Chairman), Yale University, New Haven,
Conn.

H. M. Baird, University of the City of New York, New York City.

I. T. Beckwith, Trinity College, Hartford, Conn.

Francis Brown, Union Theological Seminary, 1200 Park Ave., New
York City.

Miss Angie C. Chapin, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.

Martin L. D'Ooge, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Henry Drisler, Columbia College, 48 West 46th St., New York City.

O. M. Fernald, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass.

Henry Gibbons (Amherst College), Edgewood Park, Pa.

Basil L. Gildersleeve, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

William W. Goodwin, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

William G. Hale, University of Chicago, Chicago, 111.

Albert Harkness, Brown University, Providence, R. I.

William A. Lamberton, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

Miss Abby Leach, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Seth Low (ex officio: President of the Archaeological Institute of

America), Columbia College, New York City.
Thomas W. Ludlow (Secretary), Cottage Lawn, Yonkers, N. Y.
Mrs. Elizabeth S. Mead, Mt. Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Augustus C. Merriam (Chairman of Committee on Publications),
Columbia College, 640 Madison Ave., New York City.

Charles Eliot Norton, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

Bernadotte Perrin, Adelbert College of Western Reserve University,
Cleveland, Ohio.

Frederic J. de Peyster (Treasurer), 7 East 42d St., New York City.
William Carey Poland, Brown University, 9 Lloyd St., Providence,
R. I.

Rufus B. Richardson, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H.
William M. Sloane, College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J.
Frank B. Tarbell (ex officio : Secretary of the School), University

of Chicago, Chicago, 111.
Fitz Gerald Tisdall, College of the City of New York, New York City.
James C. Van Benschoten, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.
William R. Ware, School of Mines, Columbia College, New York City.
Benjamin Ide Wheeler, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
James R. Wheeler, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt.
John Wtilliams White, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

iExectittfce Committee.

1892-93.

Thomas D. Seymour (Chairman).

William W. Goodwin.

Thomas W. Ludlow (Secretary).

Charles Eliot Norton.

Frederic J. de Peyster (Treasurer).

William R. Ware.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

1882- 1883.

Director : William Watson Goodwin, Ph. D., LL. D., D.C. L., Eliot
Professor of Greek Literature in Harvard University.

1883- 1884.

Director: Lewis R. Packard, Ph.D., Hillhouse Professor of Greek

in Yale University. (Died Oct. 26, 1884.)
Secretary : J. R. Sitlington Sterrett, Ph. D., Professor of Greek

in Amherst College.

1884- 1885.

Director : James Cooke Van Benschoten. LL. D , Seney Professor
of the Greek Language and Literature in Wesleyan University.

1885- 1886.

Director : Frederic De Forest Allen, Ph. D., Professor of Classical
Philology in Harvard University.

1886- 1887.

Director : Martin L. D'Ooge, Ph. D., LL. D., Professor of Greek in
the University of Michigan.

1887- 1888.

Director : Augustus C. Merriam, Ph. D-, Professor of Greek Archae-
ology and Epigraphy in Columbia College.

1888- 1889.

Director: Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt. D., L. H. D., Reader in
Archaeology in the University of Cambridge, England.

Annual Director : Frank Bigelow Tarbell, Ph. D., Associate Pro-
fessor of Greek in the University of Chicago.

1889- 1890.

Director: Charles Waldstein, Ph. D., Litt. D., L. H. D.

Annual Director : S. Stanhope Orris, Ph.D., L. H. D., Ewing Pro-
fessor of the Greek Language and Literature in the College of
New Jersey.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

1890- 1891.

Director: Charles Waldstein, Ph. D., Litt. D., L. H. D.
Annual Director : Rufus Byam Richardson, Ph. D., Professor of
Greek in Dartmouth College.

1891- 1892.

Director : Charles Waldstein, Ph. D., Litt. D., L. H. D.
Annual Director : William Carey Poland, M. A., Professor of the
History of Art in Brown University.

1892- 1893.

Secretary : Frank Bigelow Tarbell, Ph. D.
Professor of Art: Charles Waldstein, Ph. D., Litt. D., L. H. D.
Professor of the Greek Language and Literature: James R. Wheeler,
Ph. D., Professor of Greek in the University of Vermont.

Chairman, 1881-87: John Williams White, of Harvard University.
Chairman of the Committee on Publications. 1885-88 : William W.
Goodwin, of Harvard University.

jFormer JHemfoers of t je JHanagtng Committee.

*E. W. Gurney, of Harvard University, 1881-83.

*Francis W. Palfrey, of Boston, 1881-89.

* Lewis R. Packard, of Yale University, 1882-84.

W. S. Tyler, of Amherst College, 1882-88.

*John H. Wheeler, of the University of Virginia, 1884-85.

A. F. Fleet, of the University of Missouri, 1886-90.

Miss Alice Freeman, of Wellesley College, 1886-87.

William Pepper, of the University of Pennsylvania, 1886-89.

*Richard H. Mather, of Amherst College, 1888-90.

JFormer Members of tfje iSoaro of trustees.

* James Russell Lowell (President), 1886-91.
*Samuel D. Warren (Treasurer), 1886-88.
^Theodore Dwight Woolsey, 1886-89.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

&0:0perattn

ADELBERT COLLEGE OF WESTERN

[ (Alleges.

TRINITY COLLEGE.
UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEW
YORK.

university of michigan,
university of missouri,
university of pennsylvania,
university of vermont,
vassar College,
wesleyan university,
wellesley college,
williams college,
yale university.

trustees of tlje Sefjool.

Charles Eliot Norton {President).

William W. Goodwin {Secretary).

Gardiner M. Lane {Treasurer).

Martin Brimmer.

Henry Drisler.

Basil L. Gildersleeve.

Edward J. Lowell.

Henry G. Marquand.

Frederic J. de Peyster.

Henry C. Potter.

Thomas D. Seymour.

William M. Sloane.

Samuel D. Warren.

John Williams White.

lExeeuttoe Committee of tfje trustees.

Charles Eliot Norton.
Martin Brimmer.
William W. Goodwin.
Samuel D. Warren.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Stutents, 1882-93*

LOUIS BEVIER (1882-83), t A. B. (1878) and A. M. (Rutgers College), Ph. D. (Johns Hopkins
University, 1881),

Professor in Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J.

WALTER RAY BRIDGMAN (1883-84), A. B. (Yale College, 1881),
Professor in Lake Forest University, Lake Forest, 111.

CARLETON LEWIS BROWNSON (1890-92), A. B. (Yale College, 1887),
Tutor in Greek, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

CARL DARLING BUCK (1887-89), A. B. (Yale College, 1886), Ph. D. (Yale University, 1889),
Assistant Professor in the University of Chicago, Chicago, 111.

Miss MARY HYDE BUCKINGHAM (1892-93), Harvard Society for the Collegiate
Instruction of Women, 1890,

Secretary of the Bryn Mawr School, Baltimore, Md.

N. E. CROSBY (1886-87), A. B. (Columbia College, 1883), A.M. (Columbia College, 1885),
Ph. D. (Princeton, 1893),

Instructor in the College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J.

JOHN M. CROW (1882-83), A. B (Waynesbury College), Ph. D. (Syracuse University),
Professor in Iowa College, Grinnell, Iowa. Died Sept. 28, 1890.

WILLIAM LEE CUSHING (1885-87), A. B. (Yale College, 1872), A. M. (Yale College,

1882),

Head Master of the Westminster School, Dobbs Ferry, N- Y.

HERBERT FLETCHER DE COU (1891-92), A. B. (University of Michigan, j888), A.M.
(University of Michigan, 1890),

Instructor in Greek and Sanskrit in the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

JOHN EDWARD DINS MORE (1892-93), A. B. (Bowdoin College, 1883),
Principal of Lincoln Academy, New Castle, Me.

MORTIMER LAMSON EARLE (1887-88), A. B. (Columbia College, 1886), A. M. (Columbia
College, 1887), Ph. D. (Columbia College, 1889),

Instructor in Greek, Barnard College, New York City.

THOMAS H. ECKFELDT (1884-85), A. B. (Wesleyan University, 1881),
Principal of the Friends' School, New Bedford, Mass.

A. F. FLEET (1887-88), A. M., LL. D ,

Superintendent of the Missouri Military Academy, Mexico, Mo.

ANDREW FOSSUM (1890-91), A. B. (Luther College, 1882), Ph. D. (Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity, 1887),

Professor of Greek in St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minn.

HAROLD NORTH FOWLER (1882-83), A. B. (Harvard University, 1880), Ph. D. (University
of Bonn, 1885),

Professor of Greek in the Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.

JOHN WESLEY GILBERT (1890-91), A. B. (Brown University, 1888), A. M. (Brown Univer-
sity, 1891),

Professor in the Payne Institute, Augusta, Ga.

* The year of residence at the School is placed in a parenthesis after the name. Italics
indicate students of the year 1892-93.

t Not present during the entire year.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT

HENRY T. HILDRETH (1885-86), A. B. (Harvard University, 1885),
10 Remington Street, Cambridge, Mass.

W. IRVING HUNT (1889-90), A. B. (Yale College, 1886), Ph. D. (Yale University, 1892),
Tutor in Greek, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Died Aug. 25, 1893.

GEORGE BENJAMIN HUSSEV (iS87-88),t A. B. (Columbia College, 1884), Ph. D. (Johns
Hopkins University, 1887),

Instructor in the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.

FRANCIS DEMETRIUS KALOPOTHAKES (1888-89), A. B. (Harvard University, 1888),
Ph. D. (Berlin University, 1893),
Athens.

JOSEPH McKEEN LEWIS (1885-87), A. B. (Yale College, 1883).
Died April 29, 1887.

GONZALEZ LODGE ( 1888-89), t A. B. (Johns Hopkins University, 1883), Ph. D. (Johns Hop-
kins University, 1886),

Associate Professor in Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa.

ALBERT MORTON LYTHGOE (1892-93), A. B. (Harvard University, 1892),
Almy Street, Providence, R. I.

CLARENCE LINTON MEADER (1892-93), A. B. (University of Michigan, 1891),
Instructor in the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

FREDERIC ELDER METZGER (1891-92), A. B. (Pennsylvania College, 1888),
No. 119 North Potomac Street, Hageistown, Md.

WALTER MILLER (1885-86), A. B. (University of Michigan, 1884), A. M. (University of
Michigan), Ph. D.,

Professor in the Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto, Cal.

WILLIAM J. McMURTRY (1886-87), A. B. (Olivet College, 1881), A. M. (University of
Michigan, 1882),

Professor in Yankton College, Yankton, South Dakota.

BARKER NEWHALL (1891-92), A. B. (Haverford College, 1887), A. M. (Haverford College,
1890), Ph. D. (Johns Hopkins University, 189 1),

Instructor in Greek, Brown University, Providence, R. I.

Miss EMILY NORCROSS (1888-89), A. B. (Wellesley College, 1880), A. M. (Wellesley Col-
lege, 1884),

Assistant in Latin, Smith College, Northampton, Mass.

RICHARD NORTON (1892- ), A. B. (Harvard University, 1892),
Athens.

JAMES MORTON PA TON (1892-93), A. B. (Harvard University, 1 884),
Student in the University of Bonn.

Miss ANNIE S. PECK (1885-86), A. B. (University of Michigan, 1878), A. M. (University of
Michigan, 1881),

No. 865 North Main Street, Providence, R. I.

JOHN PICKARD (1890-91), A. B. (Dartmouth College, 1883), A. M. (Dartmouth College, 1886),
Ph. D. (University of Munich, 1892),

Associate Professor in the University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.
Rev. DANIEL QUINN (1887-89), A. B. (Mt. St. Mary's College),

Professor in the Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.

JOHN CAREW ROLFE (1888-89), A. B. (Harvard University, 1881), A. M. (Cornell Univer-
sity, 1884), Ph. D. (Cornell University, 1885),

Professor in the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

WILLIAM J. SEELYE (1886-87), A. B. (Amherst College, 1879), A. M. (Amherst College,

1882),

Professor in Wooster University, Wooster, Ohio.

JOHN P. SHELLEY (1889-90), A. B. (Findlay University, 1889),
Professor in Grove College, Grove City, Pa.

PAUL SHOREY (1882-83), A. B. (Harvard University, 1878) Ph. D. (University of Munich,

1884),

Professor in the University of Chicago, Chicago, 111.

Miss EMILY E. SLATER (1888-89), A. B. (Wellesley College, 1888),
Professor in Mt. Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.

J. R. SITLINGTON STERRETT (1882-83), Ph. D. (University of Munich, 1880),
Professor in Amherst College, Amherst, Mass.

FRANKLIN H. TAYLOR (1882-83), A. B. (Wesleyan University),
Instructor in St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H.

OLIVER JOS. THATCHER (1887-88), A. B. (Wilmington College, 1878), B. D. (Union Theo-
logical Seminary, 1885),

University Extension Assistant Professor of History in the University of Chicago.

S. B. P. TROWBRIDGE (1886-88), A. B. (Trinity College, 1883), Ph. B. (Columbia College,

1886),

Architect, 287 Fourth Avenue, New York City.

HENRY STEPHENS WASHINGTON (i888-93),t A. B. (Yale College, 1886), A. M.
(Yale University, 1888), Ph. D. (Leipzig, 1893),
San Vio 725, Venice, Italy.

JAMES R. WHEELER (1882-83), A. B. (University of Vermont, 1880), Ph. D. (Harvard
University, 1885),

Professor in the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt.

ALEXANDER M. WILCOX (1883-84), A. B. (Yale College, 1877), Ph. D. (Yale College,

1880),

Professor in the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.

FRANK E. WOODRUFF (1882-83),! A. B. (University of Vermont, 1875), B. D, (Union
Theological Seminary, 188 1),

Professor in Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me.

THEODORE L. WRIGHT (1886-87), A. B. (Beloit College, 1880), A- M. (Harvard University,
1884),

Professor in Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin.

CLARENCE HOFFMAN YOUNG (1891-92), A. B. (Columbia College, 1888), A. M. (Co-
lumbia College, 1889), Ph. D. (Columbia College, 1891),
Instructor in Greek, Columbia College, New York City.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE MANAGING COMMITTEE

OF THE

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

To the Council of the Archceological Institute of America : —

Gentlemen, — I have the honor to submit to you
the Report of the Managing Committee of the Ameri-
can School of Classical Studies at Athens, from Octo-
ber i, 1892, to December 1, 1893 ; and also the Reports
of the Secretary of the School, Professor F. B. Tarbell ;
of the Professor of Art, Dr. Charles Waldstein ; and of
the Professor of the Greek Language and Literature,
Professor James R. Wheeler, of the University of Ver-
mont, for the year 1892-93.

During the year just past the following persons have
been enrolled as regular members of the School : —

Miss Mary Hyde Buckingham, Harvard Society for the
Collegiate Instruction of Women (1890).

John Edward Dinsmore, A. B. Bowdoin College (1883).

Albert Morton Lythgoe, A. B. Harvard University (1892).

Clarence Linton Meader, A. B. University of Michigan
(1891).

Richard Norton, A. B. Harvard University (1892).
James Morton Paton, A. B. Harvard University (1884).

I 2

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS,

In addition to the foregoing, four others have been
closely identified with the School for periods of from
seven weeks to three months, viz. : —

Professor W. E. Waters, Ph. D. (Yale, 1887), of the Uni-
versity of Cincinnati.

Professor Demarchus C. Brown, of Butler University,
Indiana.

Mr. C. K. Stevenborg, A. B. University of Missouri.
Miss M. C. Welles, A. B. Smith College.

Professor Tarbell, in his Report as Secretary, names
several others of our countrymen who profited by the
exercises and library of the School. Among these
were two former students of the School, — Professor
Quinn, of the Catholic University of America, and Dr.
N. E. Crosby, of the College of New Jersey.

As in the four preceding years, Dr. Henry S. Wash-
ington (A. B. Yale, 1886) returned to Greece in order
to take part in the work of excavation, and Dr. Wald-
stein's Report expresses his high appreciation of the
value of his services.

Professor Tarbell in going to Athens in the autumn
of 1892, as the chief executive officer of the School,
assumed duties which were familiar to him from his
service as Annual Director during the year 1888-89.
His administration in this last academic year has been
careful and exact, and his assistance and guidance of
the students able and learned, as before.

Dr. Waldstein returned to Greece early in March
last. His energies this year as Professor of Art were

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

devoted chiefly to the direction of the important exca-
vations at the Argive Herasum, of which he gives an
account in his accompanying Report. The discoveries
were more numerous and important than had been an-
ticipated. In particular, the magnitude of the under-
taking had been underestimated, and the excavations
which remain for the third campaign at the Heraeum
are as full of promise as those of former years. Three
of Dr. Waldstein's former helpers in this work — Dr.
Henry S. Washington, Mr. Thomas A. Fox, and Mr.
Richard Norton — are to assist him in its completion,
in the spring of 1894.

Professor James R. Wheeler, of the University of
Vermont, as was stated in the Eleventh Report of
the School, kindly accepted his election as Professor
of the Greek Language and Literature for the year
1892-93, — when Professor White, who had been ex-
pected to fill the position, was unavoidably detained
in this country, — and he sailed for Greece in No-
vember, 1892. He is the first of the former students
of the School to return as one of its officers. His
former life and studies in Greece gave him a dis-
tinct appreciation of the needs of the members of the
School, as well as of the best manner of satisfying
them.

The eleventh year of the School, 1892-93, is the
first in which it has had the full equipment of its new
constitution, — Secretary or Director, Professor of Art,
and Professor of the Greek Language and Literature.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

The increase of forces strengthens the influence of
the School, and enables it to render more efficient help
and instruction to its students, without interfering
with the freedom and individuality of the studies of
each person.

Professor Richardson, the new Director of the
School, and Professor White, of Harvard, the Pro-
fessor of the Greek Language and Literature for the
year 1893-94, reached Athens just after October 1,
1893, in spite of detentions on account of illness and
by quarantine.

Dr. Waldstein arrived at Athens in December, and
at once entered upon his duties as Professor of Art, —
both lecturing and also directing the students in the
preparation for careful examination and study of the
archaeological objects found at the Argive Heraeum.
This precious material is carefully preserved in the
Central Museum at Athens, and suitable rooms there
have been assigned for this work of the School.

Eight students have been in residence in Athens
during the autumn of 1893. Others interested in
classical archaeology are expected to reach Greece
later in the academic year.

Bryn Mawr College has accepted an invitation to
join in the support of the School.

The following scholars have been elected members
of the Managing Committee : Professor Charles D.
Adams of Dartmouth College, Professor Abraham L.
Fuller of the Adelbert College of Western Reserve

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

University (on the removal of Professor Perrin to
Yale), Professor Herbert Weir Smyth of Bryn Mawr
College, and Professor J. R. Sitlington Sterrett of
Amherst College.

Professor Francis Brown, who, although diligently
occupied and highly distinguished in another depart-
ment of study, has rendered efficient aid and counsel
to the School, resigned his membership of the Com-
mittee, and his resignation was accepted with regret.

At the last November meeting of our Committee,
Professor Merriam resigned his office as Chairman
of the Committee on Publications, to which he was
elected in November, 1887. Professor Perrin was
elected to succeed him, and the Chairman of the
Managing Committee was made a member of the
same Committee. The Committee recognize and
desire to record their appreciation of the laborious,
perplexing, and important services which Professor
Merriam has rendered in this capacity, and they
regret his resignation.

Professor Perrin, as Chairman of the Committee on
Publications, was authorized and requested to form a
collection of lantern slides which can be used advan-
tageously for illustrating lectures on the scenery of
Greece, the topography and monuments of Athens
and other important sites, Greek sculpture and archi-
tecture, and recent excavations. The Committee be-
lieve that such a collection, kept on deposit at some
central place and lent for a nominal sum to those who

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

wish to create or maintain public interest in classi-
cal archaeology, will be of great service both to the
School and to the studies which it represents. The
Committee hope also that many collections of slides*
already existing in various places may be made to
supplement one another, and that some rare illustra-
tions may be brought into wider usefulness. Such a
general collection of lantern slides and negatives as is
contemplated will render easier and more economical
the formation or completion of a body of illustrative
material in this department of study by institutions of
learning, since these slides will be sold at a low price,
(the duplication of slides being less expensive than the
original manufacture,) and a selection can be made
from a large variety. Professor Perrin desires the co-
operation of all who have suitable slides or negatives
which they will give or sell for this purpose, or which
they will lend for the purpose of duplication ; and he
would be glad to receive suggestions as to means for
making this collection most useful.

At the close of this Report is a list of plaster casts
which have been made from objects found in the exca-
vations of the School at Icaria and at the Argive He-
raeum, and which can be furnished by the Committee
on application to Professor Merriam.

The Managing Committee at their last May meet-
ing enjoyed the hospitalities of Vassar College, and on
the evening of that day, May 26, by invitation attended
the representation of Sophocles's Antigone in the origi-

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT

nal, with Mendelssohn's music, given by the students
of that College, — appreciating the vigor, the womanly
tenderness, and the unflinching courage portrayed by
the actors, and the learning, ingenuity, and care dis-
played in the whole performance. The presentation
of the play according to the most recent views of the
Athenian theatre in the fifth century before Christ
was particularly interesting.

The grounds of the School at Athens have been
greatly improved during the last two or three years,
and arrangements are now making for the irrigation
and cultivation of the ground which lies back of the
School building.

Dr. Waldstein has been re-elected Professor of
Art for the year 1894-95, and Professor Benjamin Ide
Wheeler of Cornell University has accepted the Com-
mittee's invitation to serve as Professor of the Greek
Language and Literature during the same year.

I would call attention once more to the list of former
students of the School prefixed to this Report, as an
indication of the far-reaching and widening influence
of the School. I mention with regret the death of one
of the former members of the School, W. I. Hunt,
Ph. D., who graduated at Yale College with high dis-
tinction in 1886, and after graduate study at Yale
went to Greece in 1889 as incumbent of the Soldiers'
Memorial Fellowship. Ill health compelled him to re-
sign his tutorship at Yale in 1892. He was a man of
high personal character, and of unusual promise as a
scholar.

1 8 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

The Eleventh Financial Statement shows that the
treasury of the School is in a sound condition. The
income of the last year was larger than in any pre-
vious year. But the opportunities for using money
wisely in connection with the School's work increase
more rapidly than its income. Probably no other
institution of the higher learning exerts so wide and
strong an influence with such slender resources. The
element of uncertainty which attaches to a part of the
income deprives the Committee of the power to make
some definite and desirable arrangements for the fu-
ture. We trust that within a short time the Perma-
nent Endowment Fund of the School may be secured
in full.

THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR,

Chairman.

Yale University, December 30, 1893.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

To the Managing Committee of the American School of Clas-
sical Studies at Athens : —

Gentlemen, — I have the honor to submit the fol-
lowing report on the affairs of the American School
at Athens for the year beginning October i, 1892.

Six students have been regularly enrolled as mem-
bers of the School, and have been present in Greece
or in Greek lands during nearly the whole of the
School year. Four others were closely identified with
the work of the School for several weeks or months.
Several others, who have made long stays in Athens,
but whose work lay mainly apart from ours, have had
the privileges of the Library, and have, most of them,
attended some of our exercises, viz. Mr. S. J. Barrows,
Editor of the "Christian Register," Mr. F. B. Sanborn,
of Concord, Mass., Professor D. C. Quinn, Messrs.
N. E. Crosby, G. B. Roddy, and S. L. Lasell. Two of
these are former members of the School, — Professor
Quinn having been here in 1887-89, and Mr. Crosby
in 1886-87. Nor can I omit to mention the name
of Mr. H. S. Washington, whose connection with the
School began in 1888-89, and has been renewed in
every succeeding year. He has returned once more,

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

to prosecute his geological studies and to assist in the
work of excavation. The value of his services in the
latter direction will best appear from the report of
Dr. Waldstein. Finally, among the numerous Ameri-
can travellers who have visited the School, I take
especial pleasure in naming Mr. Edward J. Lowell,
who was the Treasurer of the Trustees of the School
from its foundation until last autumn, and Mr. H. W.
Kent, Curator of the Slater Museum at Norwich,
Conn. To these gentlemen, and to many other pass-
ing visitors, I have endeavored to be of service.

In the first week of October I began two series
of weekly exercises with the students. One series
was epigraphical, and consisted partly of lectures,
partly of discussions conducted chiefly in the pres-
ence of original inscriptions, out of doors or in the
Museums. The main objects were, first, to secure as
much acquaintance as the time allowed with the cri-
teria for determining the date of an inscription ; and,
secondly, to illustrate the principal directions in which
Greek inscriptions bear upon Greek art and political
history. For the most part we were occupied with
Attic documents, taking up specimens of every pe-
riod, from the seventh century before Christ to the
end of the fourth century after Christ. Afterwards
we devoted several weeks to inscriptions in the local
alphabets of the Cyclades, Corinth, Bceotia, and La-
conia. This series of exercises came to an end on
February 16.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

The other course was archaeological, in the narrower
sense of that term. Two months were given to archi-
tecture, three weeks to the miscellaneous small objects
of the Acropolis Museum, and the remainder of the
-available time — about four months — to sculpture.
The exercises of this course were held almost exclu-
sively out of doors or in the Museums. I lectured
frequently, and Professor Wheeler did so several
times. The students also participated actively, each
one from time to time preparing, under my direction,
a discussion of some general question or some indi-
vidual object. This series of exercises came to an
end on March 21.

I also organized several excursions, which were
joined by some or all of the members of the School,
viz. to Dionyso (Icaria), Phyle, JEg'mR, and Argolis
(Mycenae, Tiryns, Argos, and Epidaurus).

Furthermore our students have had, as in previous
years, the inestimable privilege of attending the open-
air lectures of Professor Dorpfeld on the topography
and monuments of ancient Athens. Dr. Wolters
also, the Second Secretary of the German Institute,
and Mr. Gardner, the Director of the British School,
had the kindness to invite our students to attend the
exercises which they held in the Museums on early
Greek sculpture. The opportunity of hearing two
masterly discussions of the same period of art-history
from somewhat different points of view, has been of
great value.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

The appropriation in May, 1892, of $500 for the
Library, made it possible to add considerably to our
stock of books.

The most important books obtained by purchase
this year are the following: —

Olympia : Baudenkmaler, Erste Halfte.

Collignon. Histoire de la Sculpture Grecque, I.

Smith. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. 3d ed.

Reinach. Bibliotheque des Monuments Figures. Vols. II. and III.

Berlin, Konigliche Museen. Beschreibung der antiken Sculpturen.

Alterthumer von Pergamon : Bd. II., VIII.

Koldewey. Die antiken Baureste der Insel Lesbos.

Benndorf und Niemann. Das Heroon von Gjolbaschi-Trysa.

Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum Grseciae Septentrionalis. Vol. I.

Hamdy-Bey et Th. Reinach. La Necropole de Sidon.

Cavvadias. Les Fouilles d'Epidaure. Vol. I.

The Library has been enriched besides by numerous
gifts, of which the following is a list : —

Lawton, W. C. Looking toward Salamis, and The Persians of JEs-

chylus. From the Author.
Ar)[XLTaa<;, M. T. Uepl rov rdfjiov tov 'ApicrTOTeXoi;?. From the Author.
Penrose, F. C. The Ancient Hecatompedon. " "

Maass, E. De Lenaeo et Delphinio. " "

Goodwin, W. W. Greek Grammar (1892). " "

Milchhofer, A. Demenordnung des Kleisthenes. " "

Whitney, J. D. Climatic Changes, etc. u e<

Catalogue of Greek Coins of the British Museum. Ionia. Alexandria.

From the Trustees of the British Museum.
Tuckerman, C. K. Greeks of To-day. From the Author.
Papadimitracopoulos, T. Le Poete Aristophane, etc. From the

Author.

Lechevalier. Voyage de la Troade. Vols. I., II., III. From Mr.
F. B. Sanborn.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT

Doubdan. Voyage de la Terre Sainte. From Mr. F. B. Sanborn.
Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. Vol. III. From Prof. J.
W. White.

Wide, S. Lakonische Kulte. From the Author.
Mauch. Architektonische Ordnungen, etc. From Mr. H. S. Wash-
ington.

Wiener Vorlegeblatter 1888. From Mr. H. S. Washington.
Philippson. Der Peloponnes. " " "

Rodd. Customs and Lore of Modern Greece. From Mr. H. S.
Washington.

Ramsay. Historical Geography of Asia Minor. From Mr. H. S.
Washington.

Gardner. New Chapters in Greek History. From Mr. E. J. Lowell.
Harrison and Verrall. Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Ath-
ens. From Mr. E. J. Lowell.
Church. Story of the Persian War. From Mr. E. J. Lowell.
Thucydides. Translated by Dale. " " "

Collignon. Manual of Mythology (Eng. ed.). From Mr. E. J. Lowell.
Murray. Handbook of Greek Archaeology. From Mr. F. B. Tarbell.
'O kv Koiv(TTavTLvov7r6XeL 'EAA^vikos SvAAoyos,

'Xvyypafifxa IJepioSiKoV, 18 85- 1 89 1. 3 vols. Donor unknown.

liapdpTTjjxa tov id' to/xov. " u

ZaiypacpeLos 'Ayw, 1 0/X09 a , " "

A review of the Library showed no cases of loss,
beyond the few and comparatively unimportant ones
recorded by my predecessors. The whole number of
entries in the Accession Catalogue is now a little over
2,000. But as in some cases the single parts of serial
publications, like Brunn's Denkmaler, have been en-
tered separately, the actual number of volumes may
be estimated at about 1,900. The cataloguing this
year has been almost wholly in the hands of Mr. J. M.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Paton, who has executed the task with unusual accu-
racy and thoroughness.

In connection with the Library, it remains to ac-
knowledge the receipt of the set of Dr. Young's
Greek photographs purchased by you. All of these
have been mounted on thin cardboard, with the
proper titles attached. They are deposited in one
of the drawers of the Library.

Several important improvements have been made
during the year in and about the grounds of the
School. It will be remembered that the land belong-
ing to the British School and our own, and lying to
the south of the two buildings, is not divided by any
fence or wall. To the east and west of this plot are
two gullies, which it was once the intention of the
Greek government to convert into roadways. This
intention has never been carried out. Accordingly,
at the suggestion of Mr. Gardner, the Director of
the British School, he and I obtained an interview
with Mr. Tricoupis, the Prime Minister of Greece, in
which the desirability to us of closing these passage-
ways was laid before him. Mr. Tricoupis at once
recognized the reasonableness of our request, and
promptly ordered the building of high stone walls
across the top and bottom of each of the two gullies.
As soon as this work was completed, Mr. Gardner and
I had a stone wall, two and a half meters high, built
across the entire south front of our grounds, in place
of the low and open iron fence which existed there

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

before. Consequently, we are now entirely protected
from intrusion and objectionable approach, — a very
great gain. A wooden door, with spring lock, has
been placed at the southeast corner of the British
grounds, to allow direct communication with the Ke-
phissia road. The expenses have been borne by the
two Schools equally, and it is agreed, so far as Mr.
Gardner and myself have any influence in the matter,
that the door shall continue to be for our joint use,
and shall be maintained at our common expense.

Furthermore, I caused suitable, wrought-iron gates
to be made for the principal entrance to our grounds,
to replace the temporary wooden gates which I found
here. The new gates were designed by Mr. E. Zil-
ler. They are simple, but substantial and effective.
Just inside the entrance I have had a large reservoir
built for use in watering the garden. This was ab-
solutely needed, if the garden was to be brought into
a satisfactory condition. All the work done upon
the house and grounds has been under the direction
of Mr. E. Ziller, who has continued to act as super-
vising architect of the School.

In accordance with your vote of November 18, 1892,
a list was drawn up of sculptures found at Dionyso
(Icaria) and Stamata of which it was thought best to
have moulds made and sent to New York. The list
includes seventeen pieces. The necessary permis-
sions having been obtained from Mr. Kabbadias, the
Ephor General of Antiquities, and Mr. Heliopoulos,

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

the owner, the moulds were made in the month of
March. Before shipping them to New York I had
a cast taken of each of the eight pieces which I judged
it desirable to have represented in the School. The
two largest, viz. the grave-stele (Papers of the Ameri-
can School, Vol. V. Plate IX.) and the female torso
(Papers, Vol. V. Plate XIII.), have been placed at the
corners of the landing of the principal stairway. For
the rest, as well as for some of the casts from the
Argive Heraeum, we have at present no very con-
venient place of exhibition.

In resigning, as I am now about to do, the charge
of this School, I beg leave to express my deep appre-
ciation of the great opportunities which I have here
enjoyed. I trust that in the era soon to begin the
School will continue to grow in stability and effi-
ciency, and to react for good upon the colleges of
America.

Respectfully,

FRANK BIGELOW TARBELL.

REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF ART.

To the Managing Committee of the American School of Clas-
sical Studies at Athens : —

Gentlemen, — I herewith give you a very brief
account of the main features of our excavations at
the Argive Heraeum during the past spring. This
account will necessarily have to be brief and imper-
fect, not only because I have no time at my disposal
at the present moment to give you a fuller one, but
especially because I intend to go to Greece in the
month of December to elaborate the details of last
year's work during my stay at Athens as Professor
of the School. I must therefore remain content with
giving you but a bare outline of the main results of
this year's campaign.

Before all, I wish again to acknowledge the valu-
able help which in this year also members of the
School have given to the work of excavation. Dr.
H. S. Washington came from Germany for the ex-
press purpose of assisting me in the excavation. He
acted as second in command, and, owing to the ex-
perience which for several years past he has acquired
in such work, as well as to his enthusiasm and unself-
ish devotion, his services were such that I can hardly

28 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

realize how the undertaking could have been carried
out as it has been done without his co-operation.

Messrs. Lythgoe, Meade r, and Norton took part in
the excavation from the beginning to the end, and
had each charge of definite portions of the site as
responsible overseers and directors of the workmen
under their command. These gentlemen, with Dr.
Washington, remained on the site, and continued the
excavations for several days after I was forced to leave,
and during these days some of the most interesting
objects of sculpture were found. Mr. Paton also
joined us for several days, and took charge of some
trial excavations which were carried on near the vil-
lage of Koutzopodi, not far from the site of the ancient
CEnoe. My colleagues, Professor Tarbell and Pro-
fessor Wheeler, were not able to take active part in
the excavations owing to other engagements ; but
they, as well as other friends of the School, visited
the camp and inspected our work.

We pitched our camp on the rocky elevation above
the older temple on March 30, the Greek government
having kindly lent us three good tents from their
army stores. The experiment of camping on the
site itself has proved a great success, and one which
it would be well to adopt in the future. WTe at once
engaged workmen, and were enabled to start the next
day with 112 men and 23 carts. On April 1 we had
130 men and 30 carts; on April 3, 200 men and 38
carts. Our force at last reached the number of 240

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

men. We began to excavate on the upper plateau,
the site of the older temple. This upper plateau is
marked on the map of last years excavation, which
accompanies this Report, by the letter A. We cleared
off all the top soil down to the early substructure,
about 45 meters in length by 35 meters in breadth.
The burnt layer alluded to in my report of last year
again appeared on various portions of this site, together
with masses of poros stone, which had evidently been
split into smaller pieces by the heat of a great con-
flagration. We were fortunate enough to find -still
standing on this terrace a portion of the early wall,
about 14.30 meters in length by a little over a meter
in width, which certainly must have belonged to this
interesting structure, perhaps the earliest temple of
Hellas. The presence of this piece of wall may prove
of exceptional importance, inasmuch as its lower por-
tion was evidently not visible at the time the temple
was completed, and the objects found below this line
would thus antedate the erection of the temple. Two
other stones appear to be in situ. But it is impos-
sible at this moment to hazard even a suggestion with
regard to the construction of the early temple. At
all events, we have cleared this important site, and it
is now in a state to be carefully studied for the light it
may throw upon the earliest history of civilization in
Greece. The yield in objects of early ceramic art,
some bronzes and peculiar rude engraved stones, was
very rich, and of extreme importance and interest. I

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

have little doubt that these finds alone are of suffi-
cient weight to justify the energy and money expended
upon the undertaking, as they are sure to throw
most valuable light on the history of the earliest art
in Greece. We dug two broad trenches outside the
cyclopean wall to the east and west of the plateau, in
order to make sure whether there were any objects of
interest which had fallen over the supporting walls.

When the work on the platform of the older temple
was completed, we made the slope from the upper ter-
race down to the terrace of the second temple the
centre of our exertions. It was exceedingly diffi-
cult to excavate on this site, because the existence
of buildings at the immediate foot of the slope had
already been proved by our discovery last year of the
outer line of the stoa marked C on the map. We had
therefore to work with great care from above, imme-
diately below the cyclopean wall of the upper terrace,
and had to construct a steep road leading from the
point marked T to the top of the slope, dumping our
earth either at the southeast dump or at the south-
west dump. When we had dug several feet below
the cyclopean wall, we at once came upon very rich
layers of early pottery of all descriptions, and soon
found various vestiges of buildings. These were
erected on the height above the buildings correspond-
ing to the north stoa, and immediately below the cy-
clopean wall. They consisted of portions of walls
built of loose unhewn stones placed together without

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

mortar or clamps, and evidently formed the smaller,
perhaps domestic, counterpart to the structures known
as cyclopean walls. The objects found in some of
these make it not improbable that they may have
been the houses in which dwelt the priestesses or
attendants of the earlier temple, though I should not
venture upon any hypothesis at this moment with
any claim to your serious consideration. There are
also traces of a rough pavement sloping downwards
from about the middle of the cyclopean wall (below it)
to the west, and behind the back wall of the building
which we call the North Stoa. This may have been
an early road leading up to these dwellings. With due
care to preserve the remains of these early buildings,
we dug down to the native rock on this slope ; and then
came the task of clearing the whole series of buildings
on a line with the stoa. The length of these structures
is about 100 meters, with an average depth or width
(including the back walls) of about 10 meters.

Of the North Stoa merely the outer stylobate had
been discovered last year. Behind this the inner
colonnade measures 8.65 meters, and is backed by a
wall of over one meter in width, which is built against
the slope. There were at least nineteen pillars run-
ning along the centre of this North Stoa. Some of
the pillars were found in situ. There is also an in-
teresting system of drains and waterworks attached
to this building, with some curious structures within
it, which, however, are probably of a later date. But

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

I do not think that this can be assumed of a curious
structure toward the northeast corner of the east end
of the stoa as excavated last year; it is a depressed flat
cemented surface, 3.80 meters in length by 3 meters
wide, reminding us of the Bath of Tiryns, and probably
serving the same purpose. The North Stoa runs, from
a few meters to the east of the east end discovered
last year, for 55.52 meters to the west, ending about
on a line with the east end of the second temple.
A more intricate building was discovered to the east
of the stoa, extending farther east than the eastern
limit of the cyclopean wall of the upper terrace. The
original structure, of which much is still standing,
was evidently rebuilt at a later period ; and the stone
inscribed with AIFONVEIO (i. e. AiFoweiov, contain-
ing, as you see, a digamma), was evidently immured
at a later period. I have no doubt that this build-
ing, which consisted of several chambers, will become
clearer to us when we have studied it carefully. The
excavation itself was only completed at this point dur-
ing the last days.

Besides a rich find in pottery, terracotta, bronzes,
and smaller objects, (among which I must mention a
later clay lamp containing the figure of the Poly-
cleitan Doryphoros,) this building yielded a beautiful
torso of a draped female figure, probably from the
metopes of the temple, three fine marble heads, and
many other fragments.

Together with this work at the northeast portion of

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

the second platform, extensive excavations were car-
ried on at the southeast corner. The ground to the
east and north of the house F was levelled ; while to
the outside of the wall X the trench was continued,
and interesting walls or steps were laid bare as far as
the dump. Both these points yielded a very rich har-
vest of ceramic and bronze works, engraved gems, and
glass scarabs. I must also especially mention a num-
ber of terracotta tiles, or rather plaques, with painted
decorative designs upon them. They are really flmaces,
and as such the earliest specimens yet known.

South of the foundation walls of the second temple,
the whole ground was cut away at the level of last
year's deep cutting at the southwest angle of the
temple. Below and slightly to the west of the house F
a deep and wide trench was cut. In all these cases
we came upon layers that antedated the construction
of the second temple, as was shown by the archaic
objects found.

I also tested the ground at the foot of the hill to the
south and southwest of the steps I, and was pleased
to find that we soon came upon native rock. It was
thus possible to dig upwards from below and to avoid
a distant transportation of the earth. We had merely
to dig up the earth until we had reached virgin soil,
and to shovel it back upon the lower rock-bed. In
this manner we cleared the slope up to the steps I,
which were found last year.

Perhaps the most interesting portion of this year's

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

work will prove to be the excavations at the south-
west platform below the second temple. I began by-
cutting a trench at the southwest corner of the old
retaining wall Y, running from west to east. I soon
came upon a wall of beautiful Greek masonry, of
which four courses of well cut blocks were still stand-
ing. We carried this trench on as far as the continu-
ation of the retaining wall at the east of last year's
deep cutting H. We then worked northwards up
to H. Messrs. Washington and Norton continued
the work after my departure, with the result that two
sides (and the interior enclosed within them) of a
very interesting building have been unearthed, with
walls, and column-bases in situ, the whole presenting
a very interesting ground-plan. This building we call
the West Building. Below the south wall of this
building we also excavated as far as the most western
of the broad cuttings on the south slope below the
temple marked N on last year's map. Immediately
in front of this wall large portions of the entablature
of a Doric building were found, upon which were
distinct traces of color, — reds, blues, greens, etc.
After my departure other polychrome pieces were
found.

Besides interesting smaller objects from this site, a
number of fragments of marble sculptures, evidently
coming from the second temple and forming parts
of the metopes, and I believe also of the pediments,
were found. I must also add that among the heads

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT

discovered, one head (probably from a metope) is in
excellent preservation and very nearly equals in beauty
the head of Hera found last year ; while the torso of a
draped female figure from the metopes forms a fitting
counterpart to the torso of the nude warrior of last
year's metope.

The inscriptions are now in the hands of Professor
Wheeler, from whom you will no doubt hear.

We have again had a very successful year, with
brilliant discoveries, and the promises for the imme-
diate future are, if anything, more favorable. The
excavation of the West Building must be completed;
the portions to the east and southeast of the west
retaining wall below the second temple are likely to
prove the ground where temple sculptures were ar-
rested in their fall; the other sites about the second
temple must be cleared thoroughly. This work must
not be delayed ; and I shall use every effort to con-
tinue the work, which has been so successful for two
campaigns, next spring.

The successful conclusion of the excavation of the
circular building of Sparta will soon be known to you
in the joint report of Mr. Meader and myself.

CHARLES WALDSTEIN

REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF THE
GREEK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.

To the Managing Committee of the American School of Clas-
sical Studies at Athens : —

Gentlemen, — I have the honor to submit to you
a brief report of my share in the work of the School
during the past winter.

As you are aware, the request that I should go
out to Greece did not reach me until the close of
the summer vacation, and my engagements made it
impossible for me to be in Athens at the beginning
of the School year. I reached here on the 17th of
December.

The wrork of the School had of course been or-
ganized by Professor Tarbell before I arrived, and I
therefore made it my object to co-operate with him
so far as I was able in carrying out the plans which
he had already laid. With this end in view, I have
from time to time taken part in the archaeological
exercises which have been held during the winter in
the Museums. Beside this, it seemed to me desirable
that something should be done to call the attention
of our students to the long period in the history of
the antiquities of Athens from the time at which the

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

special favor of the Roman emperors was withdrawn
down to the visit of Stuart and Revett. I therefore
gave a short course of lectures intended to cover this
period, laying special emphasis upon such documents,
books, and drawings as are of peculiar importance
in the early history of Athenian archaeology. These
lectures were attended by a few others than the regu-
lar members of the School.

As the one among the officers of the School this
year who has represented the co-operating Colleges,
I should like to urge that there be some discussion
amonor the committee with reference to securing: for
our students, before they come to Athens, more pre-
liminary training in the direction of the work they are
likely to do here. The School is, of course, constantly
exerting a healthful influence upon collegiate instruc-
tion among us, but as yet there is no organized corre-
sponding effort to direct the preliminary training of
its students ; in other words, we are not using the
School sufficiently as the last stage in the instruction
of those of our students of Greek who are to turn
their studies in the direction of archaeology and his-
tory. The great distance of Athens from us makes
it unlikely that many will be able to spend two or
three years in succession here, a thing which the for-
eign students frequently do, — indeed in the case of
the French it is the regular practice, — and this fact
makes it doubly important that our students before
going to Greece should have laid a better defined

38 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

foundation for their work. Unquestionably courses of
study which will lead to such preparation are making
their appearance in the statements of instruction at
several institutions; but it seems to me that the in-
fluence of the Committee more positively exercised
might accomplish much. This lack of preparation
for the year at Athens is a thing which I feel de-
serves the most serious consideration. As a student
here in the first year of the School I suffered from it
myself, and I am confident that we cannot make our
work all it should be until the evil is corrected.

J. R. WHEELER,

Professor of the Greek Language and Literature
for the year 1892-1893.

Athens, April 26, 1893.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

O M N ir, CO

do -t 6 ro

O *T m Tt" "3-

H
<
H

u
<

I— I

EC
H

H
Ph

w
u
w

oooooooooooo
oqooooooqooq
6 6 6 d d 6 6 d d d o 6

U-| U~l U-v L/^ L/~) l-O L/-> iri L/-| L/-) UTl LO

o o o o o o

o o o q q q

d d o d d d

LT> O ^ O LTl

N CN 01 N N N

• co

> 5

O O £ ^ o ►> >- J~ £ P ^ 5^

~ d._

> " >

— , o
13 £

O W

15 ^ to

P rS

5 rt s-
•3 ri 3 O °

u -
c ° o

rrt 1/5 S-l

goo

^ *> £ a

■*-> Ti cu

co to cfi j_

d w

O O 00 i-i WWO i-h rJ-\0 O
OO^OH^MOtOO^O

d d h t-^oo cK lAico >-h looo co

O O (Oh <tcnONO M n C\
of hT

J 0

O -

.a J

rs d 3

"E P

"rt 'C ^ 3

eft S m

i- c

. bJO
S c

bO >> b/) a
P oJ CO

u s

r3 cu
£ CO

co o

<Z co

bJO ^
r. .z? to
co . — i a

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS.

OCTOBER, i8g3.

The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, founded by
the Archaeological Institute of America and organized under the
auspices of some of the leading American Colleges, was opened Octo-
ber 2, 1882. During the first five years of its existence it occupied
a hired house on the cOSos 'A/xaAias in Athens, near the ruins of the
Olympieum. A large and convenient building was then erected for
the School on a piece of land, granted by the generous liberality of
the government of Greece, on the southeastern slope of Mount Lyca-
bettus, adjoining the ground already occupied by the English School.
This permanent home of the School, built by the subscriptions of its
friends in the United States, was ready for occupation early in 1888.

The building contains the apartments occupied by the Director
and his family, and a large room which is used as a library, and
also as a general reading-room and place of meeting for the whole
School. A few rooms in the house are intended for the use of
students. These are assigned by the Director, under such regula-
tions as he may establish, to as many members of the School as they
will accommodate. Each student admitted to the privilege of a
room in the house will be expected to undertake the performance of
some service to the School, to be determined by the Director ; such,
for example, as keeping the accounts of the School, taking charge of
the delivery of books from the Library and their return, and. keeping
up the catalogue of the Library. No charge is made to students for
the use of the rooms themselves ; but a small charge is made for the
use of the furniture and linen of the chamber.

The advantages of the School are offered free of expense for tuition
to graduates of the Colleges co-operating in its support, and to other

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

American students who are deemed by the Committee of sufficient
promise to warrant the extension to them of the privilege of member-
ship. It is hoped that the Archaeological Institute may in time be
supplied with the means of establishing scholarships which will aid
some members in defraying their expenses at the School. In the
mean time, students must rely upon their own resources, or upon
scholarships which may be granted them by the Colleges to which
they belong. The amount needed for the expenses of an eight
months' residence in Athens differs little from that required in other
European capitals, and depends chiefly on the economy of the
individual.

The address of the Chairman of the Managing Committee is
Thomas D. Seymour, New Haven, Conn. ; that of the Secretary,
Thomas W, Ludlow, Yonkers, N. Y.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

REGULATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF
CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

OCTOBER, 1893.

1. The object of the American School of Classical Studies is to
furnish an opportunity to study Classical Literature, Art, and Antiqui-
ties in Athens, under suitable guidance, to graduates of American
Colleges and to other qualified students ; to prosecute and to aid
original research in these subjects ; and to co-operate with the Archae-
ological Institute of America, so far as it may be able, in conducting
the exploration and excavation of classic sites.

II. The School shall be in charge of a Managing Committee.
This Committee, originally appointed by the Archseological Institute,
shall disburse the annual income of the School, and shall have power
to add to its membership and to make such regulations for the gov-
ernment of the School as it may deem proper. The President of the
Archaeological Institute and the Director and Professors of the School
shall be ex officio members of the Committee.

IV. The Chairman of the Committee shall be the official repre-
sentative of the interests of the School in America. He shall present
a Report annually to the Archseological Institute concerning the affairs
of the School.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

the Director, the senior Professor shall act as Director for the time
being.

IX. Every member of the School must pursue some definite sub-
ject of study or research in Classical Literature, Art, or Antiquities,
and must present a paper embodying the results of some important
part of his year's work. These papers, if approved by the Director,
shall be sent to the Publishing Committee, in accordance with the
provisions of Regulation XII. If approved by the Publishing Com-
mittee also, the paper shall be issued in the Papers of the School.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

XI. No communications, even of an informal nature, shall be
made by students of the School to the public press, which have not
previously been submitted to the Director, and authorized by him.

1 Failure to comply with the provisions of Regulation XII. will be sufficient
ground for the rejection of any paper.

46 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL
OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS.

1882-1892.

First, Second, and Third Annual Reports of the Managing Com-
mittee, 1881-84. pp. 30.

Fourth Annual Report of the Committee, 1884-85. pp. 30.

Fifth and Sixth Annual Reports of the Committee, 1885-87.
pp. 56.

Seventh Annual Report of the Committee, 1887-88, with the Re-
port of Professor D'Ooge (Director in 1886-87) and that of Professor
Merriam (Director in 1887-88). pp. 115.

Eighth Annual Report of the Committee, 1 888-89, Wlt^- tne
ports of the Director, Dr. Waldstein, and of the Annual Director,
Professor Tarbell. pp. 53.

Ninth Annual Report of the Committee, 1889-90, with the Reports
of the Director, Dr. Waldstein, and of the Annual Director, Professor
Orris, pp. 49.

Tenth Annual Report of the Committee, 1890-91, with the Reports
of the Director, Dr. Waldstein, and of the Annual Director, Professor
Richardson, pp. 47.

Eleventh Annual Report of the Committee, 1891-92, with the Re-
ports of the Director, Dr. Waldstein, and of the Annual Director, Pro-
fessor Poland, pp. 70.

Bulletin I. Report of Professor William W. Goodwin, Director of
the School in 1882-83. pp. 33. Price 25 cents.

Bulletin II. Memoir of Professor Lewis R. Packard, Director of
the School in 1883-84, with Resolutions of the Committee and the
Report for 1883-84. pp. 34. Price 25 cents.

Bulletin III. Excavations at the Heraion of Argos. By Dr.
Waldstein. 4to. pp. 20. 8 plates. Price $3.00.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Preliminary Report of an Archaeological Journey made in Asia
Minor during the Summer of 1884. By Dr. J. R. S. Sterrett. pp. 45.
Price 25 cents.

PAPERS OF THE SCHOOL.

Volume I. 1882-83. Published in 1885. 8vo, pp. viii and 262.
Illustrated. Price $2.00.

Contents : —

1. Inscriptions of Assos, edited by J. R. S. Sterrett.

2. Inscriptions of Tralleis, edited by J. R. S. Sterrett.

3. The Theatre of Dionysus, by James R. Wheeler.

4. The Olympieion at Athens, by Louis Bevier.

5. The Erechtheion at Athens, by Harold N. Fowler.

6. The Battle of Salarnis, by William W. Goodwin.

Volume III., 1884-85, containing Dr. Sterrett's Report of the Wolfe
.Expedition to Asia Minor in 1885, with Inscriptions, mostly hitherto
unpublished, and two new Maps by Professor Kiepert. Published in
1886. 8vo, pp. 448. Price $2.50.

Volume IV. 1885-86. Published in 1888. 8vo, pp. 277. Illus-
trated. Price $2.00.

Contents: —

1. The Theatre of Thoricus, Preliminary Report, by Walter Miller.

2. The Theatre of Thoricus, Supplementary Report, by William L. Cushing.

3. On Greek Versification in Inscriptions, by Frederic D. Allen.

4. The Athenian Pnyx, by John M. Crow; with a Survey of the Pnyx and
Notes, by Joseph Thacher Clarke.

5. Notes on Attic Vocalism, by J. McKeen Lewis.

Volume V. 1887-91. Published in 1892. 8vo, pp. 314. With
41 Cuts, 6 Plans and Maps, and 18 Plates. Price $2.25.

Contents : —

1. Excavations at the Theatre of Sikyon. By W. J. McMurtry and M. L.
Earle.

2. Discoveries in the Attic Deme of Ikaria, 1888. By Carl D. Buck.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

3. Greek Sculptured Crowns and Crown-Inscriptions. By George B.
Hussey.

4. The newly discovered Head of Iris from the Frieze of the Parthenon.
By Charles Waldstein.

5. The Decrees of the Demotionidai. By F. B. Tarbell.

6. Report on Excavations near Stamata in Attica. By Charles Waldstein
and F. B. Tarbell.

7. Discoveries at Anthedon in 1889. By John C. Rolfe, C. D. Buck, and
F. B. Tarbell.

8. Discoveries at Thisbe in 1889. By J. C. Rolfe and F. B. Tarbell.

9. Discoveries at Plataia in 1889. By Charles Waldstein, F. B. Tarbell, and
J. C. Rolfe.

10. An Inscribed Tombstone from Boiotia. By J. C. Rolfe.

11. Discoveries at Plataia in 1890. By Charles Waldstein, Henry S. Washing-
ton, and W. I. Hunt.

12. The Mantineian Reliefs. By Charles Waldstein.

13. A Greek Fragment of the Edict of Diocletian, from Plataia. By Theodor
Mommsen.

14. Appendix. By A. C. Merriam.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

CASTS.

The following plaster casts of objects found in the excavations of
the School may be had on application to Professor A. C. Merriam,
640 Madison Avenue, New York City, at the affixed prices.

A. From the Argive Heraum.

1. Hera Head, with pedestal $5.00

2. Warrior Head, with pedestal 4.00

3. Amazon (?) Head, with pedestal 4.00

4. Male Torso 5.00

5. Female Torso 4.00

6. Sima Ornament with Birds 4.00

7. Two Lion Heads each 2.00

B. From Sculptures of Icaria.

1. Colossal Hand and Cantharus $2.50

Papers of American School at Athens, V. 114, Fig. 3 ; American
Journal of Archaeology, V. 466, Fig. 45.

2. Colossal Archaic Prosopon 3.00

Papers, V. ill, Fig. 1 ; A. J. A., V. 463, Fig. 43.

3. Relief, Apollo and Lyre (three figures) 3.00

Papers, Plate VII. 1 ; A. J. A., V., Plate XI. 1.

4. Relief, Apollo, Artemis, Adorant 1.50

Papers, V., Plate VII. 3; A. J. A., V., Plate XI. 3.

5. Relief (four figures), Eschara 1.50

Papers, V. 116, Fig. 5 ; A. J. A., V. 468, Fig. 47.

6. Relief, Ivy Wreath with Inscription 1.50

Papers, V. 105, No. 12 ; A. J. A., V. 316, No. 12.

7. Relief, Ornament of Large Vase 1.25

Papers, V. 67, Fig. 10; A. J. A., V. 178, Fig. 30.

8. Sepulchral Relief, Man with Staff 1.50

Papers, V., Plate VII. 2; A. J. A., V., Plate XI. 2.

9. Relief, Seated Female 2.00

Papers, V., Plate VIII. ; A. J. A., V., Plate XIII.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS,

10. Relief, Figure with Legs crossed $1.00

Papers, V. 121, Plate XIII. ; A. J. A , V. 473, Plate XIII.

11. Griffin Head 1.50

Papers, V. 124, Fig. 12 ; A. J. A., V. 476, Fig. 54.

12. Breast of Silenus 1.25

Papers, V. 122, Fig. 8; A. J. A., V. 474, Fig. 50.

13. Relief (Three Figures, one side only) . . . 3.00

Papers, V. 117, Fig. 6b ; A, J. A., V. 469, Fig. 48 b.

14. Companion to 13 (Three Figures) 5,00

Papers, V. 117, Fig. 6a; A. J. A., V. 469, Fig. 48 a.

15. Archaic Warrior Relief 10.00

Papers, V., Plate IX. ; A. J. A., V., Plate I.

16. Torso of Satyr 5.00

Papers, V. 122, Fig. 7 ; A. J. A., V. 474, Fig. 49.

17. Archaic Female Torso (Stamata) 12.00

Papers, V., Plate XIII. ; A. J. A., V., Plate XII.

PHOTOGRAPHS.

The Eleventh Report of the School contains a list of 274 photo-
graphs of Greek sites and antiquities taken by Dr. Clarence H. Young,
a member of the School in 1891-92, copies of which can be obtained
through Professor Merriam. Size A, X Z\ inches, 20 cents;
size B, 4 X 5 inches, 12 cents.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

CIRCULAR OF INFORMATION FOR STUDENTS WHO
PROPOSE TO JOIN THE SCHOOL.

OCTOBER, 1893.

The ordinary route from Germany to Greece is by way of Trieste,
whence a steamer of the Austrian Lloyd sails weekly for the Piraeus.

The route from Berlin to Athens by way of Constantinople is inter-
esting. The cost of a second-class passage (comfortable) is about
forty dollars.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

mended is now established near the School, which charges $20-25 Per
month for dinner and supper.

Pausanias. (The Teubner text is convenient.)

Murray's Handbook of Greek Archaeology, or Collignon's Manual of Greek
Archaeology.

Harrison and Verrall's Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens.
Baedeker's Guide to Greece, or the Guides Joanne, Grece, or both.
Vincent and. Dickson's Handbook to Modern Greek.

LIST OF BOOKS RECOMMENDED.

GENERAL WORKS.
Pausanias : nept^y^o-is rrjs 'EAAaSos.

Collignon : Manual of Greek Archaeology (translated by Wright).

1886. pp. 384.
Murray : Handbook of Greek Archaeology. 1892. pp. 483.

Both the two foregoing are good general introductions to archaeological

study.

Guhl and Koner : Life of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

A general treatise on antiquities. Popular rather than scientifically exact

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Baumeister : Denkmiiler des klassischen Altertums. 3 quarto vols.
A cyclopaedia of ancient art, architecture, mythology, and biography, as
illustrated by extant monuments. It treats also of the topography of impor-
tant cities, and, less fully, of general antiquities. Recent, complete, and trust-
worthy. With 2,400 illustrations, 7 maps, and 94 large plates. 1885-88.
pp. 2224.

C. O. Muller : x^ncient Art and its Remains. 1835 [1850]. pp. 637.

A comprehensive foundation for further study. Truly admirable in its
time, but now almost sixty years old, and hence somewhat antiquated and
inaccurate.

Taine : Philosophic de l'Art en Grece. (Also translated.)

On Greek art as modified and explained by Greek life, thought, institutions,
and surroundings.

Von Sybel : Weltgeschichte der Kunst. 1887. pp. 479.

A practical and useful work on classical art and architecture, well illus-
trated with 380 cuts.
Iwan Muller : Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft. 8 vols. 1885-.

A thesaurus of philological and archaeological learning in systematic form,
containing many important monographs. Not yet complete.

Hiibner : Bibliographie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft. 1889. pp. 334.
S. Reinach : Manuel de Philologie classique. 2 vols. 1883. pp. 314, 414.
A most useful index to all branches of classical knowledge.

Stark: Systematik und Geschichte der Archaologie der Kunst. 1878-80.
pp. 400.

A valuable manual of condensed information, especially in regard to the
progress of archaeological research in modern times.

C. T. Newton : Essays on Art and Archaeology. 1880. pp. 472.

The basis and beginning of recent archaeological study in England. The
Essay on Greek Inscriptions should be read by every beginner in epigraphy.

Burnouf : Memoires sur l'Antiquite. 1878. pp. 378.

Abounds in suggestion's that may lead to profitable study.
Boeckh-Frankel : Die Staatshaushaltung der Athener. 2 vols. 1886. pp.1446.
Smith : Dictionary of Antiquities (Third Edition). 2 vols. 1890. pp.2123.
K. F. Hermann: Lehrbuch der griechischen Antiquitaten. 4 vols.

Of various editions ; not all complete.
Daremberg et Saglio : Dictionnaire des Antiquites. A-C, pp. 1702. Folio.

The best of its class, but unfinished.

Rich : Dictionary of Antiquities. 1873.
A handy book.

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Milchhofer : Anfange der Kunst in Griechenland. 1883. pp. 247.
Beule : L'Art grec avant Pericles. 1869. PP- 498.

A good presentation of what was known of archaic art thirty years ago.
Diehl : Excursions Archeologiques en Grece. 1890.

A popular account of some of the chief recent excavations. A translation
by Miss Perkins is now published, with 9 plans and 41 illustrations.

Schuchhardt: Schliemann's Excavations (translated by Miss Sellars).

A convenient digest, as well as a scientific discussion, of Schliemann's
discoveries. 1891. pp. 363.

Percy Gardner: New Chapters in Greek History. 1892. pp. 459.

Perrot et Chipiez : Histoire de l'Art dans 1'Antiquite. 5 large vols. 1882-.

Woltmann and Woermann : History of Painting. Translated from the German.
Edited by Sidney Colvin.

Lepsius: Marmorstudien.

A treatise on the chief marble quarries of Greece, and a scientific determi-
nation of the marbles employed in Greek statues.

ARCHITECTURE.

Durm : Die Baukunst der Griechen (Second Edition, 1892).
Complete, and generally accurate.

Von Reber : History of Ancient Art (translated by Clarke).

Much briefer than Durm, but good in its summary discussion of the origin
and development of architectural styles, and as a comprehensive survey of
the chief remains of ancient art. 1882. pp. 478.

Penrose : Principles of Athenian Architecture (Second Edition). 1888.

A minute, mathematical study of architectural technic and refinements, as
exhibited in the Parthenon. In large folio, pp. 128. 48 plates, 34 cuts.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Michaelis : Der Parthenon. 1871.

Deals with the history, architecture, and especially the sculptural decora-
tions of the Parthenon. A standard work. Folio. With 15 folio plates.

Bohn : Die Propylaen der Akropolis zu Athen. 1882.

Indispensable for exact study of this structure, though shown by recent
investigations to be in part incorrect. Folio, pp. 40. With 21 plates.

Boutmy : Philosophic de l'Architecture en Grece. 1870.

A suggestive attempt to explain the development of Greek architecture
through considerations of the circumstances and intellectual qualities of the
Greeks.

Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America. Report on the Investigations
at Assos.

Sets forth the routine and experiences of a successful campaign of excava-
tion, with information upon early Doric architecture and provincial Greek art.

SCULPTURE.

Mrs. Lucy M. Mitchell : History of Ancient Sculpture. 1883.

A voluminous work, presenting a great mass of knowledge with many of
the recent theories. With Mrs. Mitchell's Selections from Ancient Sculpture.
1883. 20 folio plates.

Overbeck : Geschichte der griechischen Plastik (Fourth Edition,
2 vols., first part in 1892).
A standard work on Greek sculpture.

Overbeck : Die antiken Schriftquellen zur Geschichte der bildenden
Kiinste.

An indispensable collection of references in classical literature to ancient
artists and their works.

The three preceding are all valuable. Overbeck's work is more scientific
and scholarly than Mrs. Mitchell's, but as an introduction may not be ranked
above it.

Paris : Ancient Sculpture (translated by Miss Harrison). 1890.
A useful introduction to the subject.

Collignon : Histoire de la Sculpture grecque. pp. 569.

Only Volume I. has appeared (1892)-; this carries the subject as far as the
early works of Phidias. It is excellent in statement and illustration, and
includes many of the latest acquisitions in archaic art.

Brunn : Geschichte der griechischen Kunstler. 2 vols. 1857, 1859. pp. 1605.
A monumental work, indispensable to the more advanced student of art,
although it was published nearly forty years ago. (Reprinted in 1889.)

AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Friedrichs-Wolters : Gipsabgiisse antiker Bildwerke; Bausteine zur Geschichte
der griechisch-romischen Plastik. 1885. pp. 850.

A catalogue of casts in the Museum of Berlin. Practically, a complete and
serviceable history of Greek sculpture.

Waldstein : Essays on the Art of Pheidias. 1885. pp.431.

Popular and interesting studies. 17 plates, and cuts.
Petersen: Die Kunst des Pheidias. 1873. PP- 4l%-

Probably the best and most comprehensive scientific discussion of this
subject.

Collignon : Phidias. 1886. pp. 384.

Succinct, clear, and well illustrated.
Heuzey: Catalogue des Terres Cuites du Louvre. 1882-.

The best single work on the technic, interpretation, and uses of Greek figu-
rines in terra-cotta.

Pottier : Les Statuettes de Terre Cuite dans TAntiquite. 1890.

An able sketch of the entire subject. The treatment is popular, yet
scientific.

Ruskin : Aratra Pentelici.

Recommended for reading for the higher appreciation of criticism which it
may promote, and for its suggestive presentation of some qualities of Greek
art, especially in low relief and in coins.

VASES.

Rayet et Collignon : Histoire de la Ceramique grecque. 1888.

A standard recent work on this subject, pp. 420. 16 plates, 145 cuts.
Dumont et Chaplain : Les Ce'ramiques de la Grece propre. 2 vols.
Volume I. History of Greek ceramic art down to the fifth century B. c,
terminated at this point by Dumont's death. Volume II. Collected Essays ;
more exhaustive for the period which it covers than the preceding volume.
An expensive illustrated work. Quarto. 1881, 1890.

Von Rohden : Vasenkunde, in Baumeister's Denkmaler. pp. 193 1-
201 1.

An excellent and trustworthy article ; sufficiently complete to serve as a
preparation for study in museums.

Furtwangler und Loeschcke : Mykenische Vasen. 1887.

Treats ably a subject which has attracted increasing attention during
recent years.

Birch : History of Ancient Pottery. 2 vols. 1873.

A popular general history. Not scientifically accurate, and named here
chiefly because it is the only work on the subject in English.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Furtwangler: Vasensammlung im Antiquarium (Berlin). 2 vols. 1885.

This practically serves as a comprehensive history of ceramic art. pp. 1 105.
Klein : Euphronios. 1886. pp. 323. 60 cuts.

Klein : Die grieehischen Vasen mit Meistersignaturen. 1887. pp. 261.

The two last mentioned works will be required by somewhat advanced
students.

COINS.

Percy Gardner : Types of Greek Coins.

This treats of the science of numismatics only in its bearing upon art and
archaeology.
Head: Historia Numorum. 1887.

A numismatic history of the ancient Greek world. " The most comprehen-
sive work on numismatics since Eckhel."
Catalogues of Coins of the British Museum. 187 3-.

The best extensive series of illustrations of coins by accurate reproductions.
More than a dozen volumes have appeared.

F. Lenormant: Monnaies et Medailles. 1883. pp. 328.

A good popular introduction, not stopping with antiquity.

EPIGRAPHY.

Roberts: Introduction to Greek Epigraphy. 1887. pp.419.

History of the development of the Greek alphabet down to 400 B.C., illus-
trated by inscriptions, many in facsimile, from all parts of the Greek world.
Only Vol. I. has yet (1892) appeared.

Dittenberger : Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum. 1883.

" Inscriptions Graecae ad res gestas et instituta Graecorum cognoscenda
praecipue utiles.'' An excellent collection, with admirable commentaries,
pp. 804.

Kirchhoff : Studien zur Geschichte des grieehischen Alphabets (Fourth Edi-
tion). 1887. pp. 180.

Entirely supersedes previous works on this subject.

Hicks : Greek Historical Inscriptions. 1882.

As its name implies, this treats inscriptions from the historical, not the
epigraphical, point of view. pp. 372.

Larfeld : Griechische Epigraphik, in Midler's Handbuch der Altertumswissen-
schaft, Vol. II. (Second Edition, 1892), pp. 357-624.

An excellent treatise, presenting in concise and scientific form a mass of
important facts and principles, with references to the most important works
on the subject.

58 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS.

Hinrichs: Griechische Epigraphik, in Miiller's Handbuch, Vol. II. (First Edi-
tion, 1886), pp. 329-474-

Good, but not so complete as the treatise by Larfeld.
S. Reinach: Traite d'fipigraphie grecque. 1885.

A manual of information and suggestion, pp. 560.
Collitz: Sammlung der griechischen Dialektinschriften. 1884-.

Not yet complete, but already contains most of the inscriptions which are
important for the illustration or study of the dialects of Greece.

Cauer : Delectus Inscriptionum Graecarum (Second Edition). 1883. pp.363.